Alfalfa plays a significant role in the pasture ecosystems of China’s north, northeast, and northwest regions. It is an excellent forage for livestock, improves soil structure, prevents soil erosion, and has ecological benefits. Presently root rot is a significant threat to the alfalfa productivity because of the survival of the pathogens as soil-borne and because of lack of microbial competition in the impoverished nutrient-deficient soils and resistant cultivars. Furthermore, these regions’ extreme ecological and environmental conditions predispose alfalfa to root rot. Moisture and temperature, in particular, have a considerable impact on the severity of root rot. Pathogens such as Fusarium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani are predominant, frequently isolated, and of major concern. These pathogens work together as disease complexes, so finding a host genotype resistant to disease complexes is challenging. Approaches to root rot control in these regions include mostly fungicides treatments and cultural practices and very few reports on the usage of biological control agents. As seed treatment, fungicides such as carbendazim are frequently used to combat root rot; however, resistance to fungicides has arisen. However, breeding and transgenic approaches could be more efficient and sustainable long-term control strategies, especially if resistance to disease complexes may be identified. Yet, research in China is mainly limited to field investigation of root rot and disease resistance evaluation. In this review, we describe climatic conditions of pastoral regions and the role of alfalfa therein and challenges of root rot, the distribution of root rot in the world and China, and the impact of root rot pathogens on alfalfa in particular R. solani and Fusarium spp., effects of environmental factors on root rot and summarize to date disease management approach.

/pdf/root-rot-a-silent-alfalfa-killer-in-china-distribution-98xrlrkk.pdf

Root rot a silent alfalfa killer in China: Distribution, fungal, and oomycete pathogens, impact of climatic factors and its management

Genetic structure and proteomic analysis associated in potato to Rhizoctonia solani AG-3PT-stem canker and black scurf

The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extracts has become a safe replacement for conventional chemical synthesis methods to fight plant pathogens. In this study, the antifungal activity of biosynthesized AgNPs was evaluated both in vitro and under greenhouse conditions against root rot fungi of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), including Macrophomina phaseolina, Pythium graminicola, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotium rolfsii. Among the eleven biosynthesized AgNPs, those synthesized using Alhagi graecorum plant extract displayed the highest efficacy in suppressing those fungi. The findings showed that using AgNPs made with A. graecorum at a concentration of 100 μg/mL greatly slowed down the growth of mycelium for R. solani, P. graminicola, S. rolfsii, and M. phaseolina by 92.60%, 94.44%, 75.93%, and 79.63%, respectively. Additionally, the minimum inhibitory concentration (75 μg/mL) of AgNPs synthesized by A. graecorum was very effective against all of these fungi, lowering the pre-emergence damping-off, post-emergence damping-off, and disease percent and severity in vitro and greenhouse conditions. Additionally, the treatment with AgNPs led to increased root length, shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight, and vigor index of bean seedlings compared to the control group. The synthesis of nanoparticles using A. graecorum was confirmed using various physicochemical techniques, including UV spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Collectively, the findings of this study highlight the potential of AgNPs as an effective and environmentally sustainable approach for controlling root rot fungi in beans.

Suppression of Root Rot Fungal Diseases in Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) through the Application of Biologically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles

Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (Basidiomycota: Cantharallales: Ceratobasidiaceae) having teleomorphic stage as Thanatephorus cucumeris Frank, is an important soil borne plant pathogenic fungus of many agricultural and horticultural crops worldwide (Sneh et al., 1996). Rhizoctonia is widely known for causing collar rot of cowpea and tomato (Dutta and Das, 2002) root rot of wheat and sugar beet, damping off of vegetables, wire stem of cabbage, web blight of cowpea, black scurf of potato, sheath blight of rice (Das, et al., 1997), stem rot of soybean (Dutta and Das, 1999; 2000) etc. The genus Rhizoctonia is broadly classified into 14 anastomosis (AGs) groups based on their hyphal fusion, morphology, pathogenicity and physiology of which, AG1-1A is the most destructive one causing sheath blight of rice (Wang et al., 2015).

/pdf/an-innovative-technique-for-artificial-inoculation-of-1zc5smxxm4.pdf

An Innovative Technique for Artificial Inoculation of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn for Field Experiments

Dunyada ve ulkemizde nohut ekimi yapilan alanlarda son yillarda dikkat ceken onemli hastaliklardan biri de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris Padwick (Foc)'in neden oldugu Fusarium solgunlugudur. Bu hastalik nedeniyle ulkemizde nohut ekim alanlarinin yaklasik %40'i bulasik olup, ekonomik olarak onemli urun kayiplarina neden olmaktadir. Hastalikla mucadelede dunya genelinde en etkili ve pratik yontemlerden biri de dayanikli cesitlerin kullanilmasidir. Ancak dayanikli cesit kullaniminin etkililigi, Foc'ta patojenik irklarin ortaya cikmasi ile kisitlanmaktadir. Nohutta fusarium solgunlugunun mucadelesinde dayanikli cesitlerin kullanimi ile birlikte bakteriyel veya fungal antogonistler de kullanilarak biyolojik kontrol yoluyla hastalikla mucadele arttirilabilir. Gunumuzde non-patojen fusarium izolatlari ve farkli forma speciales'leri fusarium solgunluk hastaliklarinin biyolojik mucadelesi icin umut verici bir stratejidir. Calisma nohutta Fusarim solgunluguna karsi nohut bitkilerinden izole edilen ve patojenisite denemesi sonucunda nonpatojen olan 110 Fusarium spp. izolatinin in vitro kosullarda antogonistik etkilerini belirlemek amaciyla yapilmis ve calismada ikili kultur metodu kullanilmistir. Ikili kultur metodu sonucunda 105 non-patojen Fusarium spp. izolati Patates Dekstroz Agar (PDA) besi yerinde antogonistik etki gostermistir. Non-patojen olan Fusarium spp. izolatlarinin Fusarium oxysporum’un misel gelisimini en dusuk ve en yuksek %8.88-44.46 arasinda engelledigi belirlenmistir. Elde edilen sonuclara gore, calismada kullanilan non-patojen Fusarium izolatlarinin Fusarium oxysporum’un misel gelisimini engellemis olmasi nedeniyle, bu izolatlar solgunluk hastaligina karsi biyolojik mucadele calismalarinda onemli bir potansiyel antogonist olarak kullanilabilecegini dusundurmektedir. Ayrica F.oxysporum’un misel gelisimini engellemede en yuksek antogonistik etki gosteren non-patojen izolatlarin in vivo kosullarda da denenmesi sonucunda biyolojik mucadele calismalarinda tek basina ya da diger biyolojik ajanlarla kullanilmasi, hastalikla mucadelede umitvar sonuclar verebilecegi dusunulmektedir.

/pdf/nonpatojen-fusarium-spp-lerinin-nohutta-fusarium-22vdx3wguw.pdf

Nonpatojen Fusarium spp.'lerinin Nohutta Fusarium Solgunluğuna Karşı in vitro Koşullarda Antagonist Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi

In the 2016-17 growing seasons, surveys were conducted in the Isparta, Usak, Kutahya and Denizli provinces of Turkey to identify the Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 associated with root and crown rot of chickpea. A total of 75 isolates of Rhizoctonia were obtained from surveyed areas. Visual diagnostic, isolation and microscopic observation identified the causal organism as R . solani . Sequence data of the ITS rDNA region confirmed the species identity and revealed that the anastomosis group of the 23 isolates were AG-4 HGII. The isolates were variable in their morphological characters. The sequences generated during this study were clustered in the same branch with the reference isolates of R. solani AG-4 HGII based on their ITS sequencing on chickpea and the isolate grouping was not related to their geographic origins or virulence pattern. Pathogenicity tests revealed that all AG-4 isolates were pathogenic on chickpea and the disease severity values of 23 isolates varied between 42.8% and 100%. Based on the virulence, the isolates were grouped into two categories: 5 of them exhibited moderately virulence and 18 of them exhibited highly virulence reaction on chickpea. The high virulent isolate level (>50% disease severity) was determined as 78.2% of all 23 isolates. This is the first report of R. solani AG-4 as a pathogen of chickpea in Turkey.

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/7049745.pdf

Identification and pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 causing root rot on chickpea in Turkey

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Identification and pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 causing root rot on chickpea in Turkey