Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are complex entities with heterogenous pathophysiologic mechanisms and increased oxidative stress has been viewed as one of the potential common etiologies. A fine balance between the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants is essential for the proper normal functioning of the cell. A basal concentration of ROS is indispensable for the manifestation of cellular functions, whereas excessive levels of ROS cause damage to cellular macromolecules such as DNA, lipids and proteins, eventually leading to necrosis and apoptotic cell death. CVD is the main cause of death worldwide with several conditions being affected by oxidative stress. Increased ROS lead to decreased nitric oxide availability and vasoconstriction, promoting arterial hypertension. ROS also negatively influence myocardial calcium handling, causing arrhythmia, and augment cardiac remodeling by inducing hypertrophic signaling and apoptosis. Finally, ROS have also been shown to promote atherosclerotic plaque formation. This review aims at giving an introduction into oxidative stress in CVD, with special focus on endothelial dysfunction, and then examining in detail the role of oxidative stress in the most prevalent of these diseases. Finally, potential nutraceuticals and diets that might be beneficial in diminishing the burden of oxidative stress in CVD are presented.

Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases: Still a Therapeutic Target?

A diet rich in fruits, vegetables and minimally refined cereals is associated with lower risk for chronic degenerative diseases. Since oxidative stress is common in chronic degenerative disease, it has been assumed that dietary antioxidants may explain this protective effect. Every dietary plant contains numerous types of antioxidants with different properties. Many of these antioxidants cooperate in oxidative stress reduction in plants, and we hypothesize that many different antioxidants may also be needed for the proper protection of animal cells. To test this hypothesis, it is useful to identify dietary plants with high total antioxidant content. Several nuts are among the dietary plants with the highest content of total antioxidants. Of the tree nuts, walnuts, pecans and chestnuts have the highest contents of antioxidants. Walnuts contain more than 20 mmol antioxidants per 100 g, mostly in the walnut pellicles. Peanuts (a legume) also contribute significantly to dietary intake of antioxidants. These data are in accordance with our present extended analysis of an earlier report on nut intake and death attributed to various diseases in the Iowa Women's Health Study. We observed that the hazard ratio for total death rates showed a U-shaped association with nut/peanut butter consumption. Hazard ratio was 0.89 (CI = 0.81-0.97) and 0.81 (CI = 0.75-0.88) for nut/peanut butter intake once per week and 1-4 times per week, respectively. Death attributed to cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases showed strong and consistent reductions with increasing nut/peanut butter consumption. Further studies are needed to clarify whether antioxidants contribute to this apparent beneficial health effect of nuts.

/pdf/health-benefits-of-nuts-potential-role-of-antioxidants-6qgu1s93n6.pdf

Health benefits of nuts: potential role of antioxidants.

Hypolipemic and antioxidant activities from Tamarindus indica L. pulp fruit extract in hypercholesterolemic hamsters.

Taurine has beneficial effects on lipid metabolism in experimental animals fed with high-cholesterol or high fat diets. Whether taurine benefits lipid metabolism in humans has rarely been investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of taurine on serum lipids in overweight or obese young adults. Thirty college students (age: 20.3±1.7 years) with a body mass index (BMI) ≥25.0 kg/m2, and with no evidence of diabetes mellitus were selected and assigned to either the taurine group (n=15) or the placebo group (n=15) by double-blind randomization. Taurine 3 g/day or placebo was taken orally for 7 weeks. Triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and plasma glucose were measured before and after supplementation. The atherogenic index (AI) was calculated as (TC−HDL-C)/HDL-C. There were no differences in any baseline parameter between the two groups. Taurine supplementation decreased TG and AI significantly. Body weight also reduced significantly in the taurine group. These results suggest that taurine produces a beneficial effect on lipid metabolism and may have an important role in cardiovascular disease prevention in overweight or obese subjects.

Beneficial effects of taurine on serum lipids in overweight or obese non-diabetic subjects

Nutraceutical and Specialty Lipids F. Shahidi and S.P.J.N. Senanayake Medium-Chain Triacylglycerols Y. B. Che Man and M. Abdul Manaf Cereal Grain Oils R. Przybylski Fruit Seed Oils L. Yu, J.W. Parry, and K. Zhou Minor Specialty Oils F. D. Gunstone Sphingolipids F. Fang, H. Chen, C.-T. Ho, and R.T. Rosen Modification and Purification of Sphingolipids and Gangliosides S. Bloomer Hydroxy Fatty Acids T.A. McKeon, C.T.X. Hu, G. Chen, and J.-T. Lin Tree Nuts, Oils, and Byproducts: Compositional Characteristics and Nutraceutical Applications F. Shahidi and H. Miraliakbari Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) Y-W. Huang and C-Y. Huang Diacylglycerols (DAGs) and their Mode of Action B.D. Flickinger Conjugated Linoleic Acids (CLAs): Food, Nutrition, and Health B.A. Watkins and Yong Li Occurrence of Conjugated Fatty Acids in Aquatic and Terrestrial Plants and their Physiological Effects B. Narayan, M. Hosokawa, and K. Miyashita Marine Conjugated Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Y. Endo, S.-B. Park, and K. Fujimoto Marine Oils: Compositional Characteristics and Health Effects F. Shahidi and H. Miraliakbari Single-Cell Oils as Sources of Nutraceutical and Specialty Lipids: ProcessingTechnologies and Applications S.P.J.N. Senanayake and J. Fichtali Emulsions for the Delivery of Nutraceutical Lipids K. Mootoosingh and D. Rousseau Lipid Emulsions for Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) Use and as Carriers for Lipid-Soluble Drugs H. Lui and L. Wang Modified Oils F. D. Gunstone Fat Replacers: Mimetics and Substitutes B. G. Swanson Application of Functional Lipids in Foods C. Jacobsen, M. Timm-Heinrich, and N. Skall Nielsen Application of Multistep Reactions with Lipases to the Oil and Fat Industry Y. Shimada, T. Nagao, and Y. Watanabe Structure-Related Effects on Absorption and Metabolism of Nutraceutical and Specialty Lipids A.B. Christophe Lipid Oxidation in Specialty Oils K. Schaich TransFatty Acids in Specialty Lipids G.R. List, R.O. Adlof, and J.W. King Tocopherols and Tocotrienols as Byproducts of Edible Oil Processing Vitamin E: A New Perspective A.M. Papas Plant Sterols and Steryl Esters in Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals N. Weber and K.D. Mukherjee Phospholipids/Lecithin: A Class of Nutraceutical Lipids F.T. Orthoefer and G.R. List Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC) as a New Tool for Preparative-Scale Purification of Lipid and Related Compounds U. Wanasundara and P. Fedec Oilseed Medicinals: Applications in Drugs and Functional Foods R. D. Reichert

Nutraceutical and Specialty Lipids and their Co-Products

The effect of a high-cholesterol diet with or without taurine on lipids and oxidative stress in the plasma, liver and aorta of rabbits was investigated. The animals were maintained on a basal diet (control), a high-cholesterol diet (HC, 1% w/w), or a high- cholesterol diet supplemented with taurine (HCHT, 2.5% w/w) for two months. Taurine has an ameliorating effect on atherosclerosis together with a decreasing effect on the cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rabbits fed on an HC diet. The HCHT diet caused a significant decrease in the malondialdehyde (MDA) and diene conjugate (DC) levels in the plasma, liver and aorta of rabbits as compared to the HC group. This treatment did not alter the antioxidant system in the liver of rabbits in the HC group. Our findings indicate that taurine ameliorated oxidative stress and cholesterol accumulation in the aorta of rabbits fed on the HC diet and that this effect may be related to its antioxidative potential as well as its reducing effect on serum lipids.

Improving effect of dietary taurine supplementation on the oxidative stress and lipid levels in the plasma, liver and aorta of rabbits fed on a high-cholesterol diet.

Hazelnut oil (HO) is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The effect of a high cholesterol (HC) diet with and without HO on lipids and lipid peroxide levels in plasma, apolipoprotein B 100-containing lipoproteins (VLDL + LDL), and erythrocytes as well as hematological data was investigated in rabbits. A HC diet caused significant increases in lipid peroxide levels in plasma and apo B-containing lipoproteins together with histopathological atherosclerotic findings in aorta. In addition, this diet resulted in hemolytic anemia associated with increased endogenous diene conjugate (DC) levels, but H2O2-induced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels remained unchanged in erythrocytes. HO supplementation reduced lipid peroxide levels in plasma and apolipoprotein B 100-containing lipoproteins as well as aortic atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits fed an HC diet without any decreasing effect on lipid levels. In addition, HO was found to reduce hemolytic anemia together with significant decreases in DC and H2O2-induced ...

Influence on hazelnut oil administration on peroxidation status of erythrocytes and apolipoprotein B 100-containing lipoproteins in rabbits fed on a high cholesterol diet.

We studied whether taurine has any regressive effect on existing atherosclerotic lesions and lipid peroxidation in rabbits fed on a high-cholesterol (HC) diet. The cholesterol, triglyceride, malondialdehyde (MDA) and diene conjugate (DC) levels, as well as the aortic histopathological findings were examined in rabbits that had been fed on a cholesterol-containing diet for 8 months [0.5% cholesterol (w/w) for 3 months and subsequently 0.25% cholesterol (w/w) for 5 months], and then for a further 4 months on a normal diet with or without taurine treatment [1% (w/v) in the drinking water]. High levels of lipid and lipid peroxide induced by the HC diet were observed to decline in the plasma, liver and aorta of atherosclerotic rabbits, as well as a slight retardation in aortic atherosclerotic lesions during the regression period. Although no significant differences in the lipid and lipid peroxide levels in the plasma and aorta were found between the regressed groups with or without the taurine treatment, the extent of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta was less in the taurine-treated regressed group than in the non-treated regressed group. However, the liver MDA and DC levels were lower in the regressed rabbits with the taurine treatment in the non-treated group. These results indicate that the taurine treatment may accelerate the regression of cholesterol-induced atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits without having any effect on the plasma and aorta lipid and lipid peroxide levels.

Effect of a taurine treatment on the regression of existing atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits fed on a high-cholesterol diet.

Hazelnut oil (HO) is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants. We wanted to investigate the effect of HO on lipid levels and prooxidant–antioxidant status in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol (HC) diet. An HC diet caused significant increases in lipids and lipid peroxide levels in the plasma, liver, and aorta together with histopathological atherosclerotic changes in the aorta. Glutathione levels, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione transferase activities decreased significantly, but superoxide dismutase activity and vitamin E and C levels remained unchanged in the livers of rabbits following HC diet. HO supplementation reduced plasma, liver, and aorta lipid peroxide levels and aorta cholesterol levels together with amelioration in atherosclerotic lesions in the aortas of rabbits fed an HC diet, without any decreasing effect on cholesterol levels in the plasma or liver. HO did not alter the antioxidant system in the liver in the HC group. Our findings indicate that HO reduced oxidative stress and cholesterol accumulation in the aortas of rabbits fed an HC diet.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1271/bbb.68.2050

Hazelnut oil administration reduces aortic cholesterol accumulation and lipid peroxides in the plasma, liver, and aorta of rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet

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Improving effect of dietary taurine supplementation on the oxidative stress and lipid levels in the plasma, liver and aorta of rabbits fed on a high-cholesterol diet.

Influence on hazelnut oil administration on peroxidation status of erythrocytes and apolipoprotein B 100-containing lipoproteins in rabbits fed on a high cholesterol diet.

Effect of a taurine treatment on the regression of existing atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits fed on a high-cholesterol diet.

Hazelnut oil administration reduces aortic cholesterol accumulation and lipid peroxides in the plasma, liver, and aorta of rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet