Heart valve fluid–structure interaction (FSI) analysis is one of the computationally challenging cases in cardiovascular fluid mechanics. The challenges include unsteady flow through a complex geometry, solid surfaces with large motion, and contact between the valve leaflets. We introduce here an isogeometric sequentially-coupled FSI (SCFSI) method that can address the challenges with an outcome of high-fidelity flow solutions. The SCFSI analysis enables dealing with the fluid and structure parts individually at different steps of the solutions sequence, and also enables using different methods or different mesh resolution levels at different steps. In the isogeometric SCFSI analysis here, the first step is a previously computed (fully) coupled Immersogeometric Analysis FSI of the heart valve with a reasonable flow solution. With the valve leaflet and arterial surface motion coming from that, we perform a new, higher-fidelity fluid mechanics computation with the space–time topology change method and isogeometric discretization. Both the immersogeometric and space–time methods are variational multiscale methods. The computation presented for a bioprosthetic heart valve demonstrates the power of the method introduced.

/pdf/heart-valve-isogeometric-sequentially-coupled-fsi-analysis-58bu32z30c.pdf

Heart valve isogeometric sequentially-coupled FSI analysis with the space–time topology change method

One of the challenges in computational fluid–structure interaction (FSI) analysis of spacecraft parachutes is the “geometric porosity,” a design feature created by the hundreds of gaps and slits that the flow goes through. Because FSI analysis with resolved geometric porosity would be exceedingly time-consuming, accurate geometric-porosity modeling becomes essential. The geometric-porosity model introduced earlier in conjunction with the space–time FSI method enabled successful computational analysis and design studies of the Orion spacecraft parachutes in the incompressible-flow regime. Recently, porosity models and ST computational methods were introduced, in the context of finite element discretization, for compressible-flow aerodynamics of parachutes with geometric porosity. The key new component of the ST computational framework was the compressible-flow ST slip interface method, introduced in conjunction with the compressible-flow ST SUPG method. Here, we integrate these porosity models and ST computational methods with isogeometric discretization. We use quadratic NURBS basis functions in the computations reported. This gives us a parachute shape that is smoother than what we get from a typical finite element discretization. In the flow analysis, the combination of the ST framework, NURBS basis functions, and the SUPG stabilization assures superior computational accuracy. The computations we present for a drogue parachute show the effectiveness of the porosity models, ST computational methods, and the integration with isogeometric discretization.

/pdf/compressible-flow-geometric-porosity-modeling-and-spacecraft-3bdmob7mxi.pdf

Compressible-flow geometric-porosity modeling and spacecraft parachute computation with isogeometric discretization

In an article published online in July 2018 it was stated that the algorithm proposed in the article is “enabling practical implementation of the space–time FEM for engineering applications.” In fact, space–time computations in practical engineering applications were already enabled in 1993. We summarize the computations that have taken place since then. These computations started with finite element discretization and are now also with isogeometric discretization. They were all in 3D space and were all carried out on parallel computers. For quarter of a century, these computations brought solution to many classes of complex problems ranging from Orion spacecraft parachutes to wind turbines, from patient-specific cerebral aneurysms to heart valves, from thermo-fluid analysis of ground vehicles and tires to turbocharger turbines and exhaust manifolds.

/pdf/space-time-computations-in-practical-engineering-2s025u05zs.pdf

Space–time computations in practical engineering applications: a summary of the 25-year history

A recently introduced NURBS mesh generation method for complex-geometry Isogeometric Analysis (IGA) is applied to building a high-quality mesh for a gas turbine. The compressible flow in the turbine is computed using the IGA and a stabilized method with improved discontinuity-capturing, weakly-enforced no-slip boundary-condition, and sliding-interface operators. The IGA results are compared with the results from the stabilized finite element simulation to reveal superior performance of the NURBS-based approach. Free-vibration analysis of the turbine rotor using the structural mechanics NURBS mesh is also carried out and shows that the NURBS mesh generation method can be used also in structural mechanics analysis. With the flow field from the NURBS-based turbine flow simulation, the Courant number is computed based on the NURBS mesh local length scale in the flow direction to show some of the other positive features of the mesh generation framework. The work presented further advances the IGA as a fully-integrated and robust design-to-analysis framework, and the IGA-based complex-geometry flow computation with moving boundaries and interfaces represents the first of its kind for compressible flows.

/pdf/gas-turbine-computational-flow-and-structure-analysis-with-2ibua7oi57.pdf

Gas turbine computational flow and structure analysis with isogeometric discretization and a complex-geometry mesh generation method

The space–time (ST) computational method “ST-SI-TC-IGA” has recently enabled computational analysis of tire aerodynamics with actual tire geometry, road contact and tire deformation. The core component of the ST-SI-TC-IGA is the ST Variational Multiscale (ST-VMS) method, and the other key components are the ST Slip Interface (ST-SI) and ST Topology Change (ST-TC) methods and the ST Isogeometric Analysis (ST-IGA). These ST methods played their parts in overcoming the computational challenges, including (i) the complexity of an actual tire geometry with longitudinal and transverse grooves, (ii) the spin of the tire, (iii) maintaining accurate representation of the boundary layers near the tire while being able to deal with the flow-domain topology change created by the road contact, and (iv) the turbulent nature of the flow. The combination of the ST-VMS, ST-SI and the ST-IGA has also recently enabled solution of fluid film problems with a computational cost comparable to that of the Reynolds-equation model for the comparable solution quality. This was accomplished with the computational flexibility to go beyond the limitations of the Reynolds-equation model. Here we include and address the computational challenges associated with the road roughness and the fluid film between the tire and the road. The new methods we add to accomplish that include a remedy for the trapped fluid, a method for reducing the number of control points as a space occupied by the fluid shrinks down to a narrow gap, and a method for representing the road roughness. We present computations for a 2D test problem with a straight channel, a simple 2D model of the tire, and a 3D model with actual tire geometry and road roughness. The computations show the effectiveness of our integrated set of ST methods targeting tire aerodynamics.

/pdf/space-time-computational-analysis-of-tire-aerodynamics-with-3pt6crmobh.pdf

Space–time computational analysis of tire aerodynamics with actual geometry, road contact, tire deformation, road roughness and fluid film

We present our computational methods for and results from aorta flow analysis and heart valve flow and structure analysis. In flow analysis, the core method is the space–time Variational Multiscale (ST-VMS) method. The other key methods are the ST Slip Interface (ST-SI) and ST Topology Change (ST-TC) methods and the ST Isogeometric Analysis (ST-IGA). The ST framework, in a general context, provides higher-order accuracy. The VMS feature of the ST-VMS addresses the computational challenges associated with the multiscale nature of the unsteady flows in the aorta and heart valve. The moving-mesh feature of the ST framework enables high-resolution computation near the valve leaflets. The ST-SI connects the sectors of meshes containing the leaflets, enabling a more effective mesh moving. The ST-TC enables moving-mesh computation even with the TC created by the contact between the leaflets. It deals with the contact while maintaining high-resolution representation near the leaflets. Integration of the ST-SI and ST-TC enables high-resolution representation even though parts of the SI are coinciding with the leaflet surfaces. It also enables dealing with leaflet–leaflet contact location change and contact sliding. The ST-IGA provides smoother representation of aorta and valve surfaces and increased accuracy in the flow solution. With the integration of the ST-IGA with the ST-SI and ST-TC, the element density in the narrow spaces near the contact areas is kept at a reasonable level. In structure analysis, we use a Kirchhoff–Love shell model, where we take the stretch in the third direction into account in calculating the curvature term. The computations presented demonstrate the scope and effectiveness of the methods.

Aorta flow analysis and heart valve flow and structure analysis

Mesh refinement influence and cardiac-cycle flow periodicity in aorta flow analysis with isogeometric discretization

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Aorta flow analysis and heart valve flow and structure analysis

Mesh refinement influence and cardiac-cycle flow periodicity in aorta flow analysis with isogeometric discretization