Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) hold the promise of delivering exceptional mechanical properties and multi-functional characteristics. Ever-increasing interest in applying CNTs in many different fields has led to continued efforts to develop dispersion and functionalization techniques. To employ CNTs as effective reinforcement in polymer nanocomposites, proper dispersion and appropriate interfacial adhesion between the CNTs and polymer matrix have to be guaranteed. This paper reviews the current understanding of CNTs and CNT/polymer nanocomposites with two particular topics: (i) the principles and techniques for CNT dispersion and functionalization and (ii) the effects of CNT dispersion and functionalization on the properties of CNT/polymer nanocomposites. The fabrication techniques and potential applications of CNT/polymer nanocomposites are also highlighted.

Dispersion and functionalization of carbon nanotubes for polymer-based nanocomposites: a review

Carbon nanotube–polymer composites: Chemistry, processing, mechanical and electrical properties

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/768408.pdf

Mechanical properties of graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites

The colloidal structure of bitumen: Consequences on the rheology and on the mechanisms of bitumen modification

1. Introduction to colloid science and rheology 2. Hydrodynamic effects 3. Brownian hard spheres 4. Stable colloidal suspensions 5. Non-spherical particles 6. Weakly flocculated suspensions 7. Thixotropy 8. Shear thickening 9. Rheometry of suspensions 10. Suspensions in viscoelastic media 11. Advanced topics.

Colloidal Suspension Rheology

Density and shrinkage measurements have been performed in quenched and molded slabs from polystyrene (PS) and poly (methylmethacrylate) (PMMA). Various processing conditions have been employed and their effect on density and shrinkage variation in the final parts, as well as volumetric aging vs. Elapsed time at room temperature, have been elucidated. A numerical simulation of the density variation in quenched parts and their aging has been performed by using first-order rate theory for volumetric changes in conjunction with solving the transient one-dimensional heat-conduction equation with a convective heat-transfer boundary condition at surface. A numerical simulation of the shrinkage in molded parts has been carried out by using the equation of state with a simultaneous solving of the governing equations for one-dimensional mold filling during the cavity filling stage followed by transient one-dimensional conduction during packing and cooling stages. Predicted results for density and shrinkage are compared with experimental data.

Volumetric effects in the injection molding of polymers

Publisher Summary The main objective of this chapter is to provide the up-to-date account on recycling of used tires and waste rubbers including existing methods and emerging technologies of grinding, reclaiming, and devulcanization, and also the possibility for recycled rubber utilization into products. Rubber devulcanization is a process in which scrap rubber or vulcanized waste product is converted, using mechanical, thermal, or chemical energy, into a state in which it can be mixed, processed, and vulcanized again. Devulcanization is a process that causes the breakup of the chemical network along with the breakup of the macromolecular chains. Numerous methods have been applied in an attempt to solve the problem and to find more effective ways of tire rubber recycling and waste rubber utilization. These methods include retreading, reclaiming, grinding, pulverization, microwave and ultrasonic processes, pyrolysis, and incineration. Processes for utilization of recycled rubber are also being developed, including the use of reclaimed rubber to manufacture rubber products and thermoplastic rubber blends.

Recycling of Rubbers

Frozen-in orientation in the injection-molding of amorphous polymers has been considered in terms of flow- and cooling-induced birefringence. In particular, measurements of the frozen-in orientation distribution in polystyrene (PS) molded strips and circular runners have been performed. Three birefringence components, Δn, n22 − n33, and n11 − n33, have been measured for strips, and two components, Δn and nrr − nθθ, for runners. The effects of various processing conditions, of strip thickness, and of runner diameter on orientation development have been analyzed and compared with those predicted by our previously developed viscoelastic theory. In addition to injection-molding experiments, free and constrained quenching experiments for PS and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) strips have been carried out and the gapwise distribution of cooling-induced (thermal) birefringence has been measured. Relaxation of thermal birefringence following quenching has been observed for PMMA. The effects of flow- and cooling-induced orientation on various components of birefringence in molded parts have been elucidated and limitations on the applicability of the stress-optical law to the injection-molding of amorphous polymers have been discussed.

Orientation development in the injection molding of amorphous polymers

Among various crosslinked plastics, recycling of crosslinked polyethylenes is of a great importance due to the presence of a three-dimensional network. To solve this problem, novel environmentally friendly technologies for decrosslinking of the crosslinked polymers are developed based on ultrasonically assisted single (SSE) and twin screw (TSE) extruders. In particular, decrosslinking of peroxide crosslinked high-density polyethylene (XHDPE) and low-density polyethylene (XLDPE) by means of an ultrasonic SSE and TSE is investigated. Barrel pressure, die pressure and ultrasonic power consumption during extrusion are recorded. Swelling, rheological, thermal analysis and tensile tests are used to elucidate the structure-property relationships of decrosslinked XHDPE and XLDPE. The frequency dependencies of the storage and loss moduli, complex viscosity and tangent loss of XHDPE, XLDPE and their decrosslinked networks are described by the post critical gel model with its parameters correlated with gel fraction and crosslink density. The dynamic, thermal and tensile properties of the decrosslinked XHDPE and XLDPE are greatly affected by the type of preferential bond breakage. It was found that the decrosslinking of XLDPE is more difficult than that of XHDPE. An analysis based on the Horikx function reveals a highly preferential breakage of crosslinks during decrosslinking of XHDPE. In contrast to decrosslinking of XHDPE, the presence of long-chain branching in XLDPE is found to lead to the breakage of its main chains during decrosslinking. An improvement and a reduction in mechanical properties of decrosslinked XHDPE and XLDPE are, respectively, observed in comparison with those of virgin XHDPE and XLDPE.

Comparison between decrosslinking of crosslinked high and low density polyethylenes via ultrasonically aided extrusion

In the present paper, progress has been made in developing a model for nonisothermal vulcanization of rubber compounds. The model is presently based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements of heat evolved during vulcanization. The model parameters are determined from several isothermal DSC scans including measurements of induction time and rate of vulcanization. This model has conveniently been employed for a calculation of the temperature distribution during vulcanization of a rubber slab based on a one-dimensional heat-conduction equation with a heat-generation term. The simulation allowed us to predict the dynamics of the development of the state of cure distribution in the rubber slabs. Predicted results from the vulcanization model have been verified with experimental data on induction time and rate of vulcanization from nonisothermal DSC scans and with measurements of the state of cure distribution in rubber slabs cured under different vulcanization conditions between two he...

Nonisothermal Vulcanization of Rubber Compounds

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