The use of the medicinal plants in treating diabetes is frequent in Africa, especially in Tunisia, and it is ritually transmitted from generation to generation within cultures. Many of Tunisian medicinal plants have been experimentally validated. A comprehensive review was conducted to pile up information from scientific journal articles, including indigenous knowledge researches, about Tunisian medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes. The aim of this review article is to provide the reader with information concerning the importance of Tunisian medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetes and to draw attention of the health professionals and scientists working in the field of pharmacology and therapeutics to develop new drug formulations to cure different kinds of diabetes.

Research progress of Tunisian medicinal plants used for acute diabetes

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an annual forage legume and a traditional spice and aromatic crop that has been grown for centuries across the Indian subcontinent. In addition to South Asia, the crop is also grown in some parts of North Africa, Middle East, Mediterranean Europe, China, South East (SE) Asia, Australia, the USA, Argentina and Canada. The plant has been used traditionally in Indian Ayurvedic medicines as well as in traditional Tibetan and Chinese medication for several centuries. Modern research has also demonstrated that fenugreek seed and leaves are useful in the treatment of a number of diseases including successfully reducing blood sugar and blood cholesterol levels in both animals and humans. The plant has recently attracted great interest in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and functional food industries due to its rich medicinal properties.

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Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.): An Important Medicinal and Aromatic Crop

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an annual forge legume and a traditional spice crop. It is also well known as an aromatic and medicinal plant that has been commonly used both in Indian Ayurvedic systems as well as in the traditional Sino-Tibetan medicinal practices. The plant has a number of important medicinal properties and the medicinal properties are attributed to the wide range of phytochemicals present in the leaves and seeds of the plant, namely diosgenin (steroidal sapogenin), trigonelline and fenugreekine (alkaloids), galactomannans (complex carbohydrate), and 4-hydroxy isoleucine (amino acid), etc. Currently the crop is grown in parts of United States, Canada, Argentina, North Africa, Mediterranean Europe, Middle East, South Asia, China, and Australia. The crop is recommended for the dry and semiarid regions of Asia, Africa, and Latin America as it grow well under rainfed conditions. Fenugreek has a number of species around the globe along with a wide diversity of germplasms and cultivars reported in different producer countries. Due to its multipurpose applications, fenugreek has huge potential both in agriculture as well as in the global pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and functional food industries.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.): Distribution, Genetic Diversity, and Potential to Serve as an Industrial Crop for the Global Pharmaceutical, Nutraceutical, and Functional Food Industries

Among various heavy metals, nickel (Ni) is a potential pollutant that accumulates in broad-leaf vegetables and is reported to be carcinogenic. Biochar (BC) is a nutrient-rich and effective organic amendment for immobilization of Ni in soil. Fenugreek (Trigonella corniculata L.), a broad-leaf vegetable, is commonly cultivated due to its all-inclusive composition of nutrients such as calcium and iron and β-carotene and vitamins. Therefore, a field-pot study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of cotton-sticks-waste biochar (BC) for soil immobilization of Ni in fenugreek crop cultivated between early-October to end-November 2015. Fenugreek was grown in a sandy-loam soil experimentally contaminated with various Ni levels (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg Ni kg−1 soil) under three BC levels (0, 3, and 5%; w/w). Overall, results showed increasing plant lipid peroxidation (assessed via malondialdehyde) and ascorbic-acid concentration with increasing Ni toxicity level without BC application (p ≤ 0.05). Application of 3% BC increased the chlorophyll a (20.0%), chlorophyll b (49.1%), total chlorophyll (27.6%), carotenoids (21.6%), anthocyanin (27.2%), photosynthetic rate (112%), transpiration rate (45.0%), and sub-stomatal CO2 concentration (19.9%) in fenugreek as compared to control (0% BC) under 50 mg Ni kg−1 soil. Higher BC application rate (5%) was more effective in increasing the chlorophyll a (33.6%), chlorophyll b (81.1%), total chlorophyll (43.9%), carotenoids (71.7%), anthocyanin (77.8%), photosynthetic rate (127%), transpiration rate (42.2%), and sub-stomatal CO2 concentration (23.5) over control under 100 mg Ni kg−1 soil. We suggest that the consistent increases in dry mass, carbon flux rate and, protein, amino acids, and sugar contents of fenugreek (cultivated in a soil toxified with Ni and amended with 5% BC) seems to be caused by the reduction in the mobility of Ni in the presence of BC in a sandy-loam soil.

Role of cotton sticks biochar in immobilization of nickel under induced toxicity condition and growth indices of Trigonella corniculata L.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an important forage, spice legume herb of Fabaceae family. It is well known for its medicinal uses due to high nutraceutical and pharmaceutical properties for curing diseases or disorders in Ayurvedic, Chinese, and Tibetan medication since ancient times. Currently it is a cultivated crop in most parts of the world with major focus on the isolation of its important secondary metabolites rather than its use as edible plant. Both seeds and leaves of fenugreek are of immense importance as they contain medicinally important phytochemicals like alkaloids, carbohydrates, steroidal saponins, amino acids and other important organic as well as inorganic compounds and minerals. Fenugreek seeds and leaves can be used as spice, food additive, flavoring agent, preservative, or directly as vegetable. Great efforts are spent on its improvement using traditional breeding programs or modern biotechnological tools because of the increasing demand of phytochemicals like disogenin and trigonelline extracted from this herb. In spite of its high medicinal value it is still considered as an underutilized plant. There is dire need to focus on the development of new cultivars in order to exploit its full potential as an edible plant along with its medicinal value. This study highlights its botanical features, distribution, genetic resources, possibilities for trait improvement and edible uses together with data on its pharmaceutical and nutraceutical characteristics, adverse effects as well as role in the functional food industries.

Fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.): An Underutilized Edible Plant of Modern World

Fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an annual, bloat-free, forage legume and is currently grown in the continents of west, south and south-east Asia, North Africa, Mediterranean Europe, Australia, and North America. In addition to its use as a forage crop, it is most widely known all over the world as an aromatic and spice crop with a number of medicinal properties. The plant is an important source of essential phytochemicals such as steroidal sapogenins, galacatomannans, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, antioxidants to name only a few. Fenugreek has been extensively studied for its role in treatment of diabetes and hypercholesterolaemia, both in traditional medicinal practices as well as in modern drug based medicinal applications. However, this species is not much known or widely cultivated in Latin America, although suitable arid to semiarid, rainfed agro-climatic conditions are available. Furthermore, has remained unknown or less known to farmers, producers, breeders and crop and forage researchers in Latin America. This is the first comprehensive review to introduce fenugreek as potential forage crop for Latin America and has been suggested how it could be made into a regular crop under agro-pastoral systems. The following review highlights the crop, its botanical status and in depth discussion of the crop agronomy, breeding, genetics, medicinal properties with particular emphasis on its seeds in the control of Diabetes Mellitus.

Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L.), A Potential New Crop For Latin America

Important Plant‐Based Phytonutrients

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Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L.), A Potential New Crop For Latin America

Important Plant‐Based Phytonutrients