Abstract Background One of the most malignant tumors in men is prostate cancer that is still incurable due to its heterogenous and progressive natures. Genetic and epigenetic changes play significant roles in its development. The RNA molecules with more than 200 nucleotides in length are known as lncRNAs and these epigenetic factors do not encode protein. They regulate gene expression at transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic levels. LncRNAs play vital biological functions in cells and in pathological events, hence their expression undergoes dysregulation. Aim of review The role of epigenetic alterations in prostate cancer development are emphasized here. Therefore, lncRNAs were chosen for this purpose and their expression level and interaction with other signaling networks in prostate cancer progression were examined. Key scientific concepts of review The aberrant expression of lncRNAs in prostate cancer has been well-documented and progression rate of tumor cells are regulated via affecting STAT3, NF-κB, Wnt, PI3K/Akt and PTEN, among other molecular pathways. Furthermore, lncRNAs regulate radio-resistance and chemo-resistance features of prostate tumor cells. Overexpression of tumor-promoting lncRNAs such as HOXD-AS1 and CCAT1 can result in drug resistance. Besides, lncRNAs can induce immune evasion of prostate cancer via upregulating PD-1. Pharmacological compounds such as quercetin and curcumin have been applied for targeting lncRNAs. Furthermore, siRNA tool can reduce expression of lncRNAs thereby suppressing prostate cancer progression. Prognosis and diagnosis of prostate tumor at clinical course can be evaluated by lncRNAs. The expression level of exosomal lncRNAs such as lncRNA-p21 can be investigated in serum of prostate cancer patients as a reliable biomarker. 

/pdf/molecular-landscape-of-lncrnas-in-prostate-cancer-a-focus-on-1ycjea5w.pdf

Molecular Landscape of LncRNAs in Prostate Cancer: A focus on pathways and therapeutic targets for intervention

Uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) is a malignant disease globally, and there is no unified prognostic signature at present. In our study, two clusters were identified. Cluster 1 showed better prognosis and higher infiltration level, such as tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor mutation burden (TMB), and immune checkpoint genes expression. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) indicated that some tumor-related pathways and immune-associated pathways were exposed. What is more, six pyroptosis-related long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) (PRLs) were applied to establish a prognostic signature through multiple Cox regression analysis. In both training and testing sets, patients with higher risk score had poorer survival than patients with low risk. The area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves performed that the survival probability was better in people with lower risk score. Mechanism analysis revealed that high risk score was correlated with reduced immune infiltration and T cells exhaustion, matching the definition of an "immune-desert" phenotype. Patients with lower risk score were characterized by higher immune checkpoint gene expression and TMB and have a sensitive response to immunotherapy and chemotherapy compared with patients with high risk score. The signature has accurate prediction ability of UCEC and is a promising therapeutic target to improve the effect of immunotherapy. 

http://www.cell.com/article/S2162253122000233/pdf

Pyroptosis-related lncRNAs are potential biomarkers for predicting prognoses and immune responses in patients with UCEC

/pdf/molecular-landscape-of-lncrnas-in-prostate-cancer-a-focus-on-39pkuag9.pdf

ABSTRACT For nearly 50 years, immunotherapy has been used in patients with bladder cancer in the form of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), which is still the first-line therapy for non-muscle invasive disease. However, the remarkable results obtained with checkpoint inhibitor drugs, including Pembrolizumab and Atezolizumab, have fueled the quest to optimize these and other forms of immunotherapy for both non-muscle invasive as well as advanced bladder cancer. In this review we summarize the current state of the rapidly evolving field of immunotherapy in bladder cancer highlighting novel approaches and ongoing trials in this exciting area of research.

Immunotherapy for Bladder Cancer: Latest Advances and Ongoing Clinical Trials

Bladder cancer (BlCa) is a highly immunogenic cancer. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the standard treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients and, recently, second-line immunotherapies have arisen to treat metastatic BlCa patients. Understanding the interactions between tumor cells, immune cells and soluble factors in bladder tumor microenvironment (TME) is crucial. Cytokines and chemokines released in the TME have a dual role, since they can exhibit both a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory potential, driving infiltration and inflammation, and also promoting evasion of immune system and pro-tumoral effects. In BlCa disease, 70–80% are non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, while 20–30% are muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) at the time of diagnosis. However, during the follow up, about half of treated NMIBC patients recur once or more, with 5–25% progressing to muscle-invasive bladder cancer, which represents a significant concern to the clinic. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one biological process associated with tumor progression. Specific cytokines present in bladder TME have been related with signaling pathways activation and EMT-related molecules regulation. In this review, we summarized the immune landscape in BlCa TME, along with the most relevant cytokines and their putative role in driving EMT processes, tumor progression, invasion, migration and metastasis formation.

/pdf/tumor-microenvironment-and-epithelial-mesenchymal-transition-3eui9s2f.pdf

Tumor microenvironment and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in bladder cancer: Cytokines in the game?

The Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy in Prostate and Bladder Cancer.

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The Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy in Prostate and Bladder Cancer.