It is well known that urbanization and industrialization have resulted in the rapidly increasing emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are a major contributor to the formation of secondary pollutants (e.g., tropospheric ozone, PAN (peroxyacetyl nitrate), and secondary organic aerosols) and photochemical smog. The emission of these pollutants has led to a large decline in air quality in numerous regions around the world, which has ultimately led to concerns regarding their impact on human health and general well-being. Catalytic oxidation is regarded as one of the most promising strategies for VOC removal from industrial waste streams. This Review systematically documents the progresses and developments made in the understanding and design of heterogeneous catalysts for VOC oxidation over the past two decades. It addresses in detail how catalytic performance is often drastically affected by the pollutant sources and reaction conditions. It also highlights the primary routes for catalyst deactivation and discusses protocols for their subsequent reactivation. Kinetic models and proposed oxidation mechanisms for representative VOCs are also provided. Typical catalytic reactors and oxidizers for industrial VOC destruction are further discussed. We believe that this Review will provide a great foundation and reference point for future design and development in this field.

/pdf/recent-advances-in-the-catalytic-oxidation-of-volatile-zw2c35dbg7.pdf

Recent Advances in the Catalytic Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds: A Review Based on Pollutant Sorts and Sources.

The detection and measurement of gas concentrations using the characteristic optical absorption of the gas species is important for both understanding and monitoring a variety of phenomena from industrial processes to environmental change. This study reviews the field, covering several individual gas detection techniques including non-dispersive infrared, spectrophotometry, tunable diode laser spectroscopy and photoacoustic spectroscopy. We present the basis for each technique, recent developments in methods and performance limitations. The technology available to support this field, in terms of key components such as light sources and gas cells, has advanced rapidly in recent years and we discuss these new developments. Finally, we present a performance comparison of different techniques, taking data reported over the preceding decade, and draw conclusions from this benchmarking.

/pdf/optical-gas-sensing-a-review-4uaf589xiq.pdf

Optical gas sensing: a review

The importance of thermoelastic damping as a fundamental dissipation mechanism for small-scale mechanical resonators is evaluated in light of recent efforts to design high-Q micrometer- and nanometer-scale electromechanical systems. The equations of linear thermoelasticity are used to give a simple derivation for thermoelastic damping of small flexural vibrations in thin beams. It is shown that Zener’s well-known approximation by a Lorentzian with a single thermal relaxation time slightly deviates from the exact expression.

Thermoelastic Damping in Micro- and Nano-Mechanical Systems.

The vast majority of gaseous chemical substances exhibit fundamental vibrational absorption bands in the mid-infrared spectral region (≈ 2–25 µm), and the absorption of light by these fundamental bands provides a nearly universal means for their detection. A main feature of optical techniques is the non-intrusive in situ detection capability for trace gases. The focus time period of this chapter is the years 1996–2002 and we will discuss primarily CW mid-infrared laser spectroscopy. We shall not attempt to review the large number of diverse mid-infrared spectroscopic laser applications published to date. The scope of this chapter is rather to discuss recent developments of mid-infrared laser sources, with emphasis on established and new spectroscopic techniques and their applications for sensitive, selective, and quantitative trace gas detection. For example, laboratory based spectroscopic studies and chemical kinetics, which will also benefit from new laser source and technique developments, will not be considered.

Mid-Infrared Laser Applications in Spectroscopy

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is formed from the atmospheric oxidation of gas-phase organic compounds leading to the formation of particle mass. Gasoline- and diesel-powered motor vehicles, both on/off-road, are important sources of SOA precursors. They emit complex mixtures of gas-phase organic compounds that vary in volatility and molecular structure—factors that influence their contributions to urban SOA. However, the relative importance of each vehicle type with respect to SOA formation remains unclear due to conflicting evidence from recent laboratory, field, and modeling studies. Both are likely important, with evolving contributions that vary with location and over short time scales. This review summarizes evidence, research needs, and discrepancies between top-down and bottom-up approaches used to estimate SOA from motor vehicles, focusing on inconsistencies between molecular-level understanding and regional observations. The effect of emission controls (e.g., exhaust aftertreatment technologies...

Review of Urban Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Gasoline and Diesel Motor Vehicle Emissions

Effects of low temperature on the cold start gaseous emissions from light duty vehicles fuelled by ethanol-blended gasoline

Trace gas detection with antimonide-based quantum-well diode lasers.

GaSb-based mid-infrared 2-5 µm laser diodes, in Solid-State Mid Infrared Laser Sources

Distributed feedback (DFB) laser diodes based on the concept of lateral metal gratings fabricated on type-I quantum well GaInAsSb/AlGaInAsSb material are presented. Monomode emission in the 3.4 µm wavelength range was achieved for the first time for a GaSb based DFB laser diode. Excellent sidemode suppression ratios beyond 30 dB are demonstrated in combination with a modehop-free tuning range around 8.5 nm. Using a specially developed polymer-free DFB processing route allowing improved heat dissipation, laser operation in continuous-wave mode was observed at temperatures up to around 20°C.

Continuous-wave operation of type-I quantum well DFB laser diodes emitting in 3.4 μm wavelength range around room temperature

GaInAsSb/GaAlAsSb/GaSb distributed-feedback (DFB) laser diodes based on a type I active region were fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy at the Centre d'Electronique et de Micro-Optoelectronique de Montpellier (CEM2). The DFB processing was done by Nanoplus Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH. The devices work in the continuous-wave regime above room temperature around an emission wavelength of
2.3 μm with a side-mode suppression ratio greater than
25 dB
and as great as 10 mW of output power. The laser devices are fully characterized in terms of optical and electrical properties. Their tuning properties made them adaptable to tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy because they exhibit more than
220 GHz of continuous tuning by temperature or current. The direct absorption of
CH4 is demonstrated to be possible with high spectral selectivity.

Single-frequency Sb-based distributed-feedback lasers emitting at 2.3 μm above room temperature for application in tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy

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