Nanocellulose provides a new materials platform for the sustainable production of high-perfor- mance nano-enabled products in an array of applications. In this paper, potential applications for cellulose nanoma- terials are identified as the first step toward estimating market volume. The overall study, presented in two parts, estimates market volume on the basis of estimated tonnage of cellulose nanomaterials rather than the dollar value of production or profits from production. In this paper, we first identified potential uses from literature, presentations, and patent reviews, and then categorized these under the broad headings of high-volume, low-volume, and emerg- ing/novel applications. For each application, the rationale for using nanocellulose is explained. The companion paper, Part 2, explains the assumptions and calculation of application-specific market estimates. High- and low-vol- ume consumption applications of cellulose nanomaterials were identified from published data as well as expert input. We categorized potential market sizes as high or low by considering applications where cellulose nanomateri- als would replace existing materials and be used at a published or estimated rate for some fraction of an entire exist- ing market. Novel applications for cellulose nanomaterials that are presently considered niche markets are also iden- tified, but volumes were not estimated because of a lack of published supporting data. Annual U.S. market potential for identified applications of nanocellulose is estimated as 6.4 million metric tons, with a global market potential of 35 million metric tons. The greatest volume potential for use of cellulose nanomaterials is currently in paper and packaging applications. Other potentially high-volume uses are in the automotive, construction, personal care, and textile sectors. Application: This study identifies the potential applications for nanoscale forms of cellulose and derives a methodology to estimate market volumes for its use in those applications. Applications are identified as high-vol- ume, low-volume, and emerging sector applications. The methodology and estimates may be used for planning and research decision-making.

https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2014/fpl_2014_shatkin001.pdf

Market projections of cellulose nanomaterial-enabled products − Part 1: Applications

Cellulose Nanocrystals from Forest Residues as Reinforcing Agents for Composites: A Study from Macro- to Nano-Dimensions

A layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)?poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT?PSS) on lignocellulose wood microfibres was used to make conductive fibres and paper. Polycations such as poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), and poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) were used in alternate deposition with anionic conductive polythiophene (PEDOT?PSS) to construct the multilayer nanofilms on wood microfibres. Current?voltage characterization was measured on single fibres using a Keithley probe measurement system after deposition of every PEDOT?PSS monolayer to study the electrical properties of the coating. The conductivity of the microfibres increased linearly with increasing number of bilayers of PEDOT?PSS/polycation. The measured conductivities of the coated microfibres ranged from 1 to 10?S?cm?1. It was also observed that the conductivity of the fibres (i.e., coating of PEDOT?PSS) depends upon the type of polycations used to alternate with the polythiophene. In this work we have demonstrated successful scale integration from nano to micro and macroscale (nanocoating?microfibres?macropaper) in developing new paper material. The conductive paper that has been produced (and its fabrication method) can be used for the development of smart paper technology on monitoring of electrical, and optical/electrical signals.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-4484/17/21/006/pdf

Conductive wood microfibres for smart paper through layer-by-layer nanocoating

Nanotechnology has the potential to affect the field of wood preservation through the creation of new and unique metal biocides with improved properties. This study evaluated leachability and efficacy of southern yellow pine wood treated with copper, zinc, or boron nanoparticles against mould fungi, decay fungi, and Eastern subterranean termites. Results showed that nanocopper with and without surfactant, nanozinc, and nanozinc plus silver with surfactant resisted leaching compared with metal oxide controls. Nearly all nanoboron and boric acid was released from the treated wood specimens during leaching. Mould fungi were moderately inhibited by nanozinc oxide with surfactant, but the other nanometal preparations did not significantly inhibit mould fungi. Mass loss from Gloeophyllum trabeum was significantly inhibited by all copper preparations, while Antrodia sp. was not inhibited by nanometal treatments. Nanometals imparted high resistance in southern yellow pine to the white-rot fungus, Trametes versicolor. Unleached specimens treated with nanoboron or nanozinc plus surfactant caused 100% and 31% mortality, respectively. All specimens treated with nanozinc or nanozinc plus silver inhibited termite feeding, but the copper treatments were less effective against termites. Nanozinc possessed the most favorable properties: leach resistance, termite mortality, and inhibition of termite feeding and decay by the white-rot fungus.

https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2009/fpl_2009_kartal001.pdf

Do the unique properties of nanometals affect leachability or efficacy against fungi and termites? International biodeterioration & biodegradation

Evaluation of mold, decay and termite resistance of pine wood treated with zinc- and copper-based nanocompounds

A roadmap for Nanotechnology in the Forest Products Industries has been developed under the umbrella of the Agenda 2020 program overseen by the CTO committee. It is expected that the use of new analytical techniques and methodologies will allow us to understand the complex nature of wood based materials and allow the dramatically enhanced use of the major strategic asset the US has in renewable, recyclable resources based on its well managed Forests.

/pdf/nanotechnology-for-the-forest-products-industry-vision-and-11itnskfhj.pdf

Nanotechnology for the Forest Products Industry Vision and Technology Roadmap

Softwood and hardwood kraft pulps were pretreated with xylanase followed by treatment with hydrogen peroxide, dimethyldioxirane (DMD), or hydrogen peroxide reinforced with nitrilamine (Pnt). The resulting pulps were then further bleached with a DEDED sequence. Bleaching studies demonstrated that activated peroxide in the form of DMD or Pnt was an effective method of reducing the total applied charge of chlorine dioxide while still achieving 90+ ISO brightness values. Application : this paper gives preliminary results on studies of enzymes and peroxide agents as alternative ECF bleaching protocols to further reduce AOX.

/pdf/improvements-in-ecf-bleaching-use-of-activated-oxygen-4qr9xh97y1.pdf

Improvements in ECF bleaching : Use of activated oxygen species and xylanase

The catalytic properties of aliphatic ketones to promote bleaching reactions of peroxymonosulfate with kraft softwood pulp was studied. The in-situ generation of substituted dioxiranes from keto compounds and peroxymonosulfate was demonstrated to be an effective bleaching technology. This bleaching system was shown to be very sensitive to the nature of the alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl group. Studies reported in this paper suggest that acetone may have the optimal structural features for catalyzing the bleaching properties of peroxymonosulfate

Bleaching kraft pulps with in-situ generated dioxiranes

The synergistic interactions between xylanase pretreatment of kraft pulps and subsequent chemical bleaching reactions were explored with dimethyldioxirane (DMD) and ozone. Laboratory studies indicated the biobleaching process was favorable for either hardwood or softwood kraft pulps. The pretreatment of kraft pulps with xylanase followed by (DMD)E(H 202/H2NCN) resulted in higher brightness values for the fully bleached pulp. Likewise, xylanase treatmems of an oxygen delignified, extended delignified kraft pulp enhanced the bleachability as determined using an OXZ(EO)D bleaching sequence. Imerestingly, although the xylanase stage in general reduced the viscosity of the pulps in comparison to control pulps, these differences in viscosity appeared to diminish during the bleaching process. These studies illustrate the important role that biobleaching processes have on improving the bleaching capabilities of oxygen-based bleaching sequences.

/pdf/fundamental-investigations-of-the-biobleaching-interactions-51nh94gdf0.pdf

Fundamental investigations of the biobleaching interactions between xylanase, ozone, and dimethyldioxirane

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Nanotechnology for the Forest Products Industry Vision and Technology Roadmap

Improvements in ECF bleaching : Use of activated oxygen species and xylanase

Bleaching kraft pulps with in-situ generated dioxiranes

Fundamental investigations of the biobleaching interactions between xylanase, ozone, and dimethyldioxirane