Global warming and climate change are driving an alarming increase in the frequency and intensity of different abiotic stresses, such as droughts, heat waves, cold snaps, and flooding, negatively affecting crop yields and causing food shortages. Climate change is also altering the composition and behavior of different insect and pathogen populations adding to yield losses worldwide. Additional constraints to agriculture are caused by the increasing amounts of human-generated pollutants, as well as the negative impact of climate change on soil microbiomes. Although in the laboratory, we are trained to study the impact of individual stress conditions on plants, in the field many stresses, pollutants, and pests could simultaneously or sequentially affect plants, causing conditions of stress combination. Because climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of such stress combination events (e.g., heat waves combined with drought, flooding, or other abiotic stresses, pollutants, and/or pathogens), a concentrated effort is needed to study how stress combination is affecting crops. This need is particularly critical, as many studies have shown that the response of plants to stress combination is unique and cannot be predicted from simply studying each of the different stresses that are part of the stress combination. Strategies to enhance crop tolerance to a particular stress may therefore fail to enhance tolerance to this specific stress, when combined with other factors. Here we review recent studies of stress combinations in different plants and propose new approaches and avenues for the development of stress combination- and climate change-resilient crops.

Developing climate-resilient crops: improving plant tolerance to stress combination.

Abiotic stresses are the major environmental factors that play a significant role in decreasing plant yield and production potential by influencing physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes. Abiotic stresses and global population growth have prompted scientists to use beneficial strategies to ensure food security. The use of organic compounds to improve tolerance to abiotic stresses has been considered for many years. For example, the application of potential external osmotic protective compounds such as proline is one of the approaches to counteract the adverse effects of abiotic stresses on plants. Proline level increases in plants in response to environmental stress. Proline accumulation is not just a signal of tension. Rather, according to research discussed in this article, this biomolecule improves plant resistance to abiotic stress by rising photosynthesis, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity, regulating osmolyte concentration, and sodium and potassium homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the biosynthesis, sensing, signaling, and transport of proline and its role in the development of various plant tissues, including seeds, floral components, and vegetative tissues. Further, the impacts of exogenous proline utilization under various non-living stresses such as drought, salinity, high and low temperatures, and heavy metals have been extensively studied. Numerous various studies have shown that exogenous proline can improve plant growth, yield, and stress tolerance under adverse environmental factors.

/pdf/contribution-of-exogenous-proline-to-abiotic-stresses-kcfcz6xy.pdf

Contribution of Exogenous Proline to Abiotic Stresses Tolerance in Plants: A Review

/pdf/multi-sensor-spectral-synergies-for-crop-stress-detection-3rxgvgdd.pdf

Multi-sensor spectral synergies for crop stress detection and monitoring in the optical domain: A review

The rise in global temperature also favors the multiplication of pests and pathogens, which calls into question global food security. Plants have developed special coping mechanisms since they are sessile and lack an immune system. These mechanisms use a variety of secondary metabolites as weapons to avoid obstacles, adapt to their changing environment, and survive in less-than-ideal circumstances. Plant secondary metabolites include phenolic compounds, alkaloids, glycosides, and terpenoids, which are stored in specialized structures such as latex, trichomes, resin ducts, etc. Secondary metabolites help the plants to be safe from biotic stressors, either by repelling them or attracting their enemies, or exerting toxic effects on them. Modern omics technologies enable the elucidation of the structural and functional properties of these metabolites along with their biosynthesis. A better understanding of the enzymatic regulations and molecular mechanisms aids in the exploitation of secondary metabolites in modern pest management approaches such as biopesticides and integrated pest management. The current review provides an overview of the major plant secondary metabolites that play significant roles in enhancing biotic stress tolerance. It examines their involvement in both indirect and direct defense mechanisms, as well as their storage within plant tissues. Additionally, this review explores the importance of metabolomics approaches in elucidating the significance of secondary metabolites in biotic stress tolerance. The application of metabolic engineering in breeding for biotic stress resistance is discussed, along with the exploitation of secondary metabolites for sustainable pest management.

/pdf/plant-secondary-metabolites-the-weapons-for-biotic-stress-16eh3okj.pdf

Plant Secondary Metabolites: The Weapons for Biotic Stress Management

Heavy metal toxicity is one of the most devastating abiotic stresses. Heavy metals cause serious damage to plant growth and productivity, which is a major problem for sustainable agriculture. It adversely affects plant molecular physiology and biochemistry by generating osmotic stress, ionic imbalance, oxidative stress, membrane disorganization, cellular toxicity, and metabolic homeostasis. To improve and stimulate plant tolerance to heavy metal stress, the application of biostimulants can be an effective approach without threatening the ecosystem. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), a biostimulator, plant growth regulator, and antioxidant, promotes plant tolerance to heavy metal stress by improving redox and nutrient homeostasis, osmotic balance, and primary and secondary metabolism. It is important to perceive the complete and detailed regulatory mechanisms of exogenous and endogenous melatonin-mediated heavy metal-toxicity mitigation in plants to identify potential research gaps that should be addressed in the future. This review provides a novel insight to understand the multifunctional role of melatonin in reducing heavy metal stress and the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Melatonin Modulates Plant Tolerance to Heavy Metal Stress: Morphological Responses to Molecular Mechanisms

Plants are subjected to a wide range of environmental stresses which reduces and limits the productivity of agricultural crops. Two types of environmental stresses are encountered to plants which can be categorized as (1) Abiotic stress and (2) Biotic stress. The abiotic stress causes the loss of major crop plants worldwide and includes radiation, salinity, floods, drought, extremes in temperature, heavy metals, etc. On the other hand, attacks by various pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, oomycetes, nematodes and herbivores are included in biotic stresses. As plants are sessile in nature, they have no choice to escape from these environmental cues. Plants have developed various mechanisms in order to overcome these threats of biotic and abiotic stresses. They sense the external stress environment, get stimulated and then generate appropriate cellular responses. They do this by stimuli received from the sensors located on the cell surface or cytoplasm and transferred to the transcriptional machinery situated in the nucleus, with the help of various signal transduction pathways. This leads to differential transcriptional changes making the plant tolerant against the stress. The signaling pathways act as a connecting link and play an important role between sensing the stress environment and generating an appropriate biochemical and physiological response.

/pdf/biotic-and-abiotic-stresses-in-plants-4t2sddqual.pdf

Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Plants

Efficacy of different fungicides, plant extracts and bioagents against Phoma exigua causing Ascochyta blight of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

To determine the effect of the age of seedlings under different sources of nutrients on soil properties, nutrient uptake, and quality of the sweet corn, an experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangement during the Kharif season of 2020. The experiment consisted of two factors: seedling ages (12, 22, and 32 days old) and nutrient sources (control, RDF, ½ RDF + FYM, ½ RDF + VC, and ½ RDF + PM). Organic sources of nutrients viz. FYM, vermicompost, and poultry manure were given on N equivalent basis. Results showed that transplanting 22 days old seedlings performed better and recorded higher NPK uptake in grain as well as stover with a significant difference, which was directly associated with its high dry matter accumulation. However, no significant difference was observed in the nutrient content of N, P, and K. Significantly higher grain and stover yield was realized by transplanting 22 days old seedlings. Application of ½ RDF + PM led to a significant increase in nutrient content and uptake in both grain and stover as compared to the sole application of RDF. The higher nutrient uptake was ultimately responsible for a higher yield of sweet corn. Application of ½ RDF + FYM was statistically at par with ½ RDF + VC to nutrient uptake and yield. The quality of kernels in terms of TSS, protein, Fe, and Zn content was notably influenced by sources of nutrients with the highest results under the application of ½ RDF + PM. Higher values for Fe and Zn content of grain were reported in the case of 22 days old seedlings with no significant difference to the rest of the seedling ages. Furthermore, the age of seedlings didn’t have a significant effect on postharvest soil Physico-chemical properties however a significant improvement was noted in plots fertilized with ½ RDF + PM.

/pdf/impact-assessment-of-seedling-age-on-soil-properties-14kaawfd.pdf

Impact assessment of seedling age on soil properties, nutrient uptake and quality of sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata L.) under different sources of nutrients

This study on the insect pests of bottle gourd Lagenaria siceraria grown in polyhouse revealed the incidence of whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum and melon aphid Aphis gossipii from 26th to 38th standard week (SW). The peaks in incidence were observed in 34th SW (T. vaporariorum - 12.99 ± 1.18/leaf and A. gossypii- 52.5 ± 9.60/leaf. The incidence of these exhibited a positive correlation with temperature and a negative one with relative humidity. When insecticides were evaluated against these in polyhouse, after two sprays, imidacloprid 17.8SL (0.45 ml) was superior. Imidacloprid 17.8SL (0.3 ml) and dimethoate 30EC (1 ml) provided efficient control.

Management of Insect Pests of Bottle Gourd in Polyhouse

Wolbachia is a microorganism that infects and replicates inside host cells and is mainly present in reproductive tissues of animals withjoint feet and roundworms. In arthropods, it is found in insects, mites, spiders, terrestrial isopods, springtails etc. A survey that wasrecently conducted showed that Wolbachia is present in above 65% of insect species making this microorganism as one of the mostintracellular bacterial genus so far discovered. Wolbachia controls their hosts’ reproduction through unique mechanisms that incorporatecytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), parthenogenesis induction (PI), male-killing and feminization of genetic males. Recently, this bacteriahas been used as a bio-control agent for controlling insect pests. Different arthropods which were laboratory-reared and field-collected,have been screened against this bacteria to see whether this bacteria can be used as a bio-control agent

Wolbachia: It’s Role In Pest Management

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