Prepping for Long-Term Competition? U.S. Leadership in Cyberspace from Trump to Biden

In this Cyberspace Era, the system of life in society, both Indonesian and world, has changed a lot, this can have a complete impact on people's lives, both in the form of positive and negative impacts. Along with the development of the cyber world, this is directly proportional to crime in the banking sector, these crimes are related to the banking security system. There are many crimes against the banking security system including carding crimes "credit card fraud", ATM or EDC "skimming", hacking, cracking, phishing "internet banking fraud", malware "virus/worm/trojan/bots", cybersquatting, pornography, gambling online, transnational crime “drug trafficking, mafia, terrorism, money laundering, human trafficking, underground economy”. From these various crimes, to prevent crimes against the banking security system, the government can carry out various efforts, including efforts related to banking security system policies and various efforts that can be made, such as various narratives and outreach to the public. Apart from the government, banks and the public must also implement principles related to banking system security. This research uses a normative juridical method, namely an approach based on the main legal material by examining theories, concepts and principles related to the banking security system. In order to achieve a good banking security system, cooperation between the government, the bank and the community is required.

Upaya Menghadapi Kejahatan Terhadap Sistem Keamanan Perbankan Indonesia Di Era Cyberspace

Global cyber governance is characterised by a West vs. non-West paradigm that glosses over a significant body of states that exhibit more nuanced positions. Such dichotomy has gained greater traction in the midst of geopolitical tensions between the United States on the one hand and China and Russia on the other. Examining the roles and limitations of middle powers, such as Singapore and South Korea, in their efforts to shape global cyber governance allows moving beyond the West vs. non-West paradigm. By employing a range of middle-power behaviours, Singapore and South Korea have been able to carve out a unique role as middle powers and, to some extent, shape the arena in which debates on global cyber governance take place, although not without constraints. 

Roles and Limitations of Middle Powers in Shaping Global Cyber Governance

The bright lines between certain fundamental legal categories may appear to have dimmed in the cyber environment, especially in relation to military cyber operations. This article thus unblurs the lines between five such pairs of categories, proceeding from the general to the specific: Firstly, what separates international law from international norms as the two principal regulatory frameworks governing the conduct of military cyber operations? Secondly, what is the distinction between domain-specific and general rules of international law as they apply to military cyber operations? Thirdly, is it possible to distinguish between peacetime and armed conflict with respect to the regulation of such operations? Fourthly, once an armed conflict is underway, how do we distinguish combatants from non-combatants in cyberspace? And fifthly, what is the distinction between objects and non-objects in cyberspace, particularly with respect to computer data affected by military cyber operations during armed conflicts? Overall, the article's goal is to reduce the opacity surrounding the relationship between military cyber operations and international law. In doing so, it aims to contribute to the long-term goal of making cyberspace a more open, secure, stable, accessible and peaceful environment.

Unblurring the Lines: Military Cyber Operations and International Law

Despite limited progress within international institutions, the need for articulating a regulatory framework for cyber operations in outer space is becoming a pressing concern. One precondition for regulation is to share cybersecurity and outer-space common terminology that can inform the negotiation of standards, policies and laws. While the UN Institute for Disarmament Research has recently issued a baseline policy glossary, binding technical definitions are missing, and the lack of a binding international cybersecurity regime adds to the obsolescence of a binding outer-space regime tracing back to half a century ago. As the IEEE SA embarks on the drafting of the first-ever technical standard for cybersecure-by- design outer-space missions, scoping and conceptual challenges abound. Technical standards are US-centred, non-binding, engineering-intensive exercises, where lawyers and Asian jurisdictions are only marginally involved; nevertheless, as China’s framework for cybersecurity is refined and its involvement in outer-space policing deepens, its disengagement from Western-driven standard-setting bodies appears unsustainable. Drawing on the specific challenge of defining what makes a cyber system ‘mission-critical’, I expose the necessity to examine how domestic cybersecurity laws from a diverse range of States identify ‘critical’ information infrastructure. Generalising therefrom, I advocate a jurisdictionally inclusive process that combines American supremacy in technical standard-setting for outer-space missions with Chinese normative contributions to cybersecurity regulation, including on data localisation and mandatory multilevel cyber-hygiene requirements. I further argue that involving legal experts from a diverse range of jurisdictions and sociolegal cultures may enhance the global reception of standardisation outputs, thus securing higher degrees of voluntary compliance therewith. This could foster cooperation and promote regional and global satellite cybersecurity. 

Drafting a Cybersecurity Standard for Outer Space Missions: On Critical Infrastructure, China, and the Indispensability of a Global Inclusive Approach

Cyberspace has completely revolutionised our ways of life, disrupted our economies, and allowed for important progress in our societies. But the advantages of the digital revolution are now threate...

Cyberspace is used, first and foremost, to wage wars: proliferation, security and stability in cyberspace

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Cyberspace is used, first and foremost, to wage wars: proliferation, security and stability in cyberspace