An investigational setup had been made up using a cooling box, gas burner, LPG capillary tubes, and pressure controller. The running time, internal and coil diameters of tubes were measured as operating parameters. The best regression model has been built from the successive sum of square approach. It is used for the simulated annealing algorithm (SA). The effort done of the scheme was also enhanced by the long working period. The estimated results of SA were authenticated by validation tests. Thus, this investigation is also helpful to choose the capillary tube and system mechanisms for the effective LPG refrigerator cooling system. 

https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/5.0095601

Operating parameters prediction of liquefied petroleum gas refrigerator using simulated annealing algorithm

Enhancing the performance of gravitational water vortex turbine by flow simulation analysis

The paper presents a theoretical analysis of heat transfer in a heated tube bank, based on the Nusselt number computation as one of the basic dimensionless criteria. To compute the Nusselt number based on the heat transfer coefficient, the reference temperature must be determined. Despite the value significance, the quantity has several different formulations, which leads to discrepancies in results. This paper investigates the heat transfer of the inline and staggered tube banks, made up of 20 rows, at a constant tube diameter and longitudinal and transverse pitch. Both laminar and turbulent flows up to Re = 10,000 are considered, and the effect of gravity is included as well. Several locations for the reference temperature are taken into consideration on the basis of the heretofore published research, and the results in terms of the overall Nusselt number are compared with those obtained by the experimental correlations. This paper provides the most suitable variant for a unique reference temperature, in terms of a constant value for all tube angles, and the Reynolds number ranges of 100–1000 and 1000–10,000 which are in good agreement with the most frequently used correlating equations.

Determination of the Reference Temperature for a Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient in a Heated Tube Bank

As a recent addition to the heat exchanger family, gravitational water vortex heat exchangers may be considered a potential alternative to shell-and-tube heat exchangers in the process industry. Their shared reliance on the turbulent fluid flow for heat transfer and comparable sizes indicates the need to compare the two thermal systems in terms of input energy requirement, heat exchange effectiveness, temperature distribution, log-mean temperature difference and overall heat transfer coefficient. The present study reports an experimental comparison of the performance of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger with a gravitational water vortex heat exchanger for the same heat exchange area, mass flowrates and reference temperatures. The validation of the experiments is supported by the analytical results for both heat exchangers. The experimental findings highlight the importance of the presence of air core in the gravitational water vortex heat exchanger, which performs 40 % better than in the absence of air core. Moreover, the same air core provides support in outperforming the shell-and-tube configuration by a margin of 22 % and 24 % more heat transfer rate for the same hot-side inlet temperatures of 313 K and 323 K, respectively. The study concludes that the gravitational water vortex heat exchanger performs better than the shell-and-tube heat exchanger at high inlet flow rates, whereas the latter is more effective in terms of log-mean temperature difference with better heat loss counter measures. 

Shell and tube heat exchange comparison with gravitational water vortex flow configuration

Quasi-analytical solution to the problem of heat transfer by vortex flow based on self-similarity

Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) is one of the potential refrigerants to be used in half-cycle air conditioning systems. After evaporation to get air-conditioning, LPG may be further used in combustion applications such as electric-generators, auto-motives and cooking stoves. Expansion device (or a flow control valve) is usually used before the evaporator to make sure that the refrigerant vaporizes in evaporator and provides cooling. The present study reports the investigation of an experimental study to determine the performance of three in-house designed and manufactured evaporators for an air conditioning system using LPG as refrigerant. The evaporators used are finned-tube evaporators having difference in tube arrangements, fin materials, fin spacing and tube dimensions. The thermal energy to evaporate LPG is obtained from air driven by a fan attached to one side of the evaporator. Cold air exiting from the evaporator is then supplied to a cabin having the similar dimensions of an automotive rickshaw. The performance parameters determined for a fixed time duration for different fan speeds include; the cooling effect, contact factor and rate of condensation. The investigations were conducted for different LPG flow rates and evaporative pressures. The test results show that for each flow condition; the cooling effect, contact factor and rate of condensation are also the function of air flow rate passing through the evaporator. Experimentally determined cooling effects were then analytically validated by using the Nusselt number correlations of Grimison model, modified Grimison model and Zhukauskas model for each of the evaporators used.

Performance analysis of liquified petroleum gas (LPG) driven half-cycle air conditioning system

One of the potential refrigerants for refrigeration systems is liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) that can absorb latent heat from the surrounding and provide cooling, if introduced in liquid state. The present study determines the cooling effect produced in flowing water in coils after exchanging heat with liquid LPG, coming from an inverted cylinder. In an insulated box with a copper coil, the water flow rates were varied while maintaining the amount of surrounding liquid LPG. The results reveal that the cooling effect is proportional to the rate at which water flows, but the time for liquid LPG to evaporate decreases. For smallest water flow rates, the temperature differential across the water inlet and outlet was found to be the largest. 

/pdf/refrigeration-potential-investigation-of-liquefied-petroleum-1av3j2s2.pdf

Refrigeration Potential Investigation of Liquefied Petroleum Gas under Atmospheric Conditions

The adverse environmental impact of using Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Hydro-Chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) as refrigerants in traditional refrigeration and air conditioning systems has been revealed. Thermoelectric coolers may present a more ecologically sound alternative since they do not require any refrigerants or other hazardous substances that contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer or global warming. In this study, a thermoelectric cooling module was built, and its cooling performance was examined by experimental and simulation approaches.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Thermoelectric Cooling Module

Biofuels have attracted significant attention in recent years as a potential replacement of fossil fuels. In order to test a new fuel, it is necessary to know its physiochemical properties. Fuel spray atomization of any fuel is the most critical process that has a direct effect on the fuel&ndash;air mixing ratio, combustion and emissions. This research presents the design and development of a control volume spray chamber (CVSC) for analyzing macroscopic fuel spray characteristics under varying operating conditions. The spray results reveal that the fuel penetration length (FPL) and spray cone angle (SCA) both decreased with the increase in ambient pressure, but when the injection pressure was increased, a longer FPL and wider SCA were observed. The light intensity levels revealed broader and higher drop densities at the axial distance of 40 mm from the nozzle. 

/pdf/design-and-development-of-a-control-volume-spray-chamber-gcl2vgm4.pdf

Design and Development of a Control Volume Spray Chamber (CVSC) for Fuel Spray Visualization

Developing of Novel Hybrid Auxetic Structures for Enhanced Compression Properties via Additive Manufacturing

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