within the context of an international framework that shapes related actions and decisions at all levels.1 This framework is defined here as the spectrum of agreements, mechanisms, instruments and actors governing and driving climate change action globally. The overall structure of this framework is complex and multidimensional in that it is comprised of elements that are quite different and distinct in many of their functions and approaches, constituencies, scope and focus.2 While international agreements negotiated by national governments such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol remain crucial aspects of the framework, they are not the only mechanisms governing climate change action. Other layers of intervention have become equally important in implementing innovative climate change responses and policies, including those at the regional, subnational and local levels. Cities have a vital role to play in the implementation and achievement of commitments within the international climate change framework. They also stand to benefit from the opportunities created by this framework for local responses to climate change. Yet, local-level actors and authorities often lack an understanding of the nature and functioning of the various components of the international climate change framework and how they could utilize these to enhance their mitigation and adaptation strategies. For instance, many decision-makers operating at the city level lack a working knowledge of the opportunities and constraints associated with international financing options, including those established as part of the UNFCCC.3 In view of this, the aim of this chapter is to highlight the key elements of the international climate change framework and its effects on interventions at the local level. It is also intended to frame discussions of climate change conditions, trends and policies in the rest of this Global Report. The chapter starts by briefly describing the process by which climate change emerged as an issue of international concern culminating in the establishment of the UNFCCC as the key element of the international regime governing climate change issues. The core mechanisms, instruments and financing strategies of this Convention are then outlined. The Kyoto Protocol is also reviewed as the main international treaty with legally binding emission reduction commitments. Subsequently, the key actors, components and actions of climate governance at the international, regional, national and sub-national levels are considered. Finally, the implications of the international climate change framework for local action at the city level are outlined.

United nations framework convention on climate change

Decarbonisation of shipping: A state of the art survey for 2000–2020

The field of autonomous collision avoidance has
continued to advance in many areas including sensory and
perception, navigation, payload integration, and collision
avoidance. The advances in collision avoidance, however, have
largely focused on iterative changes to the velocity obstacle - an
algorithm that inherently loses important collision avoidance
information key to replicating a human-like decision space. This
thesis examines algorithms that generalize the traditional velocity
obstacle into a multi-threshold based approach that more
realistically represent and evaluate human ship driving practices.
Novel protocol-constrained collision avoidance evaluation
algorithms are proposed including the ability to perform both
on-line and post-mission analysis of both robots and humans. These
algorithms become especially important when considering complex
missions of competing objectives in a contact-dense,
protocol-constrained collision avoidance environment. Introduction
of competing performance metrics consistent with human ship driving
practices allows autonomous collision avoidance algorithm designers
to consider previously unexplored tradespaces. On-water results of
up to five simultaneously interacting autonomous vessels validate
the collision avoidance algorithms using four key areas of
evaluation: spatial efficiency, temporal efficiency, protocol
compliance, and safety. Testing of 10 complex scenarios totaled
over 6,150 vehicle-pair on-water encounters. Human-robot field
experimentation demonstrated autonomous collision avoidance
performance under conflicting protocol requirements of COLREGS
while interacting with human-driven vessels. An autonomous
collision avoidance "road test" framework is proposed to
incorporate testing of arbitrary collision avoidance algorithms
both in the field and in simulation.

Multi-contact protocol-constrained collision avoidance for autonomous marine vehicles

As a result of the rapid growth of international trade, atmospheric pollution from transportation has been more topical than ever, especially in dense hub port-cities. The shipping industry should pay more attention corresponding to its contribution to local atmospheric pollution. This paper supports the application of data collected from the vessel tracking service system with a bottom-up approach to generate a comprehensive 2019 local ship emission inventory at Port of Incheon. The calculated emission inventory presented the dominance of CO2 emission and the considerable contribution of NOx and SOx emissions, the significant contribution of auxiliary engines during the hotelling at berth during the year of 2019. Then, based on calculated emission inventory, this study suggested and simulated applicable green policies in the practice: (1) local emission control area realization, (2) vessel speed reduction program, (3) application of cold ironing, and (4) establishment of a national integrated emission platform. The combination of the three first policies could help reduce the significant volume of emitted CO (29%), NOx (30%), SOx (93%), PM10 and PM2.5 (64%), VOC (28%), NH3 (30%), and CO2 (30%).

/pdf/bottom-up-approach-ship-emission-inventory-in-port-of-xybhant5tn.pdf

Bottom-Up Approach Ship Emission Inventory in Port of Incheon Based on VTS Data

The planning of nautical tourism development and especially, the planning of its supporting infrastructure development, is important topic of the maritime spatial planning. The focus of research is the integration of multicriteria analysis and stakeholders within concept modeling that will provide support to the spatial planning specialists in the design of plans related to the development of anchorage capacities for small vessels. It examines economic, environmental, ecological, social, and civil engineering concerns related to the use of coastal water. It is a complex and ill-defined civil engineering problem because of multiple stakeholders with diverse interests, numerous conflicting goals and criteria, huge quantities of information and data, limited resources, etc. The research is concentrated on an integral approach to sustainable decision-making within maritime spatial planning by the modeling decision support concept to the processes of identification, validation, comparison, and the selection of locations for anchorage construction, based on multicriteria methods, goal analysis, and the logic of the decision support system. The concept is tested on the island of Solta, Croatia, and has been proven as being an applicable, consistent, efficient, and effective methodology for the planning of the anchorage locations.

/pdf/an-integral-approach-to-sustainable-decision-making-within-2d4k5oddlf.pdf

An Integral Approach to Sustainable Decision-Making within Maritime Spatial Planning—A DSC for the Planning of Anchorages on the Island of Šolta, Croatia

Understanding the complete human influence on maritime space has the central position in the planning process. Maritime spatial planning logically connects on integral planning of coastal area. Applying integral management on coastal and maritime area, together with the establishment of the process of maritime spatial planning makes the coupling regarding managing of the resources; all that is directed to the existence of sustainable development. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) is the process of analyzing and separating spatial and temporal divisions of human activities in the maritime area. Croatia, even though it is extremely maritime country, has not yet established complete legal framework for setting up MSP. This paper analyzes European legal framework for implementation of MSP process in Croatia. It provides the overview of the accomplishments achieved until today, as well as achievements of the Republic of Croatia during establishing legal and institutional framework for establishment and implementation of maritime spatial planning. The overview of application of MSP in European practice is specially presented. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the growing needs for maritime space and the manners of amortization of its unorganized use. The goal of this paper is to point on the importance of adopting legal regulations regarding MSP and their practical application. Efficient management and protection of natural resources is specially emphasized, all for the purpose of reducing conflicts in maritime areas.

/pdf/maritime-spatial-planning-in-croatia-necessity-or-4rix7x24wx.pdf

Maritime spatial planning in Croatia – necessity or opportunity for balanced development

Ballast water provides to ship appropriate maneuverability, seaworthiness, cargo worthiness and it is essential to the safe and efficient operation of ship. The limits of organism concentration in ballast water allowed to be discharged into portʼs aquatorium were set by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Management of ballast water and sediment has been introduced as obligatory since 2017. by the International Convention for the Control and Management of Shipʼs Ballast Water and Sediments. Ballast water treatment methods (Standard D2), significantly reduce the risk of spreading of invasive species through ballast in compare by water exchange methods (Standard D1). The treatment of ballast water with active substances may lead to the release of those substances into the environment and the goal of this paper is an introduction to the issue of possible significant and harmful changes in the marine environment due to the ballast water treatment with active substances. The Shore Based Treatment System is suggested by authors as one of acceptable solutions for certain category of ships. Also mentioned system provides better control of ballast water treatment and it generally may help to improve Ballast Water Management.

Review of Ballast Water Management

The Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG) is a collection of international legal Preliminary communication standards adopted in order to avoid collisions at sea. Comprehensive knowledge of these rules is required for all who sail on the sea. The ACTs project (Avoiding Collisions at Sea) investigates the current problems in applying these Rules and intends to develop a new online course making it simpler and easier to understand them. A COLREG questionnaire has been drawn up for research purposes. The purpose of the questionnaire is checking which rules are more difficult to understand. In this paper, the authors analyse the level of understanding of the Rules in a group of secondary maritime school students. The survey results indicate that many of the basic principles of COLREG are neither understood nor applied. © Faculty of Maritime Studies Rijeka, 2015.

/pdf/analysis-of-the-level-of-knowledge-and-understanding-of-lb25l6t0yz.pdf

Analysis of the Level of Knowledge and Understanding of Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea

Shipping is a very significant source of air pollution, greatly contributing to the creation of greenhouse gases and influencing the climate change. Ships are responsible for roughly 3% of global CO 2 and GHG emissions, emitting approximately 1 billion tonnes of CO 2 and GHGs per year. Shipping emissions cause severe impacts on health and the environment. The article describes the methodology for estimating the atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) in international shipping in the Bay of Rasa as a sensitive area and the respective results. The shipping emissions have been calculated on actual shipping activities for ships calling at the Port of Brsica in 2017. The aim of the research was to provide a better insight in the emission inventories in this area. Ship’s emissions were calculated by the ship activity-based method which involves the application of emission factors for each ship-activity (slow steaming on arrival and departure, manoeuvring on arrival and departure, and for a berthed ship).

Emission Inventory of ships calling at the Port of Bršica (Bay of Raša)

Cruise trips have been rising in popularity since the 1970 sand are currently a trend in the tourism market. This is particularly true of river cruises, which record a constant growth in the number of ship calls. The general upward trend in the number of river cruise passengers and dockings is also present in Croatia. Prerequisites for the development of cruising on Croatian rivers include, in addition to other geographical features, also the length of navigable water ways, but a systematic approach to this issue is needed for further development. The authors investigate the level of development of infrastructure on Croatian rivers and analyze the passenger and ship traffic on them. Special attention is given to the importance of cruises for tourism on European rivers and world wide. In accordance with the Croatian Tourism Development Strategy until 2020, the authors explore geographical and other conditions necessary for the development of river cruise tourism. The aim of the paper is to point to the importance of building infrastructure for accommodation of vessels sailing on Croatian rivers, and in particular to the need to improve tourism offer in river destinations.

/pdf/analysis-of-cruise-tourism-on-croatian-rivers-2l2jr36fgm.pdf

Analysis of Cruise Tourism on Croatian Rivers

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