Beyond too little, too late and too much, too soon: a pathway towards evidence-based, respectful maternity care worldwide.

This article reviews what has been learned to date about the role of gender-based power in sexual relationships in determining sexual and reproductive health outcomes. A framework for assessing the relationship between power relations and reproductive health is outlined and measurement issues are critically discussed. A summary is included of the main types of intervention approaches that have been implemented, as are a discussion of the programmatic, methodological, and ethical implications of the findings and recommendations for further experimentation and research. Although many challenges remain, results to date suggest that when the role of gender-based power is made an integral feature of sexual and reproductive health programs, there is a considerable payoff for both women and men.

The Effect of Power in Sexual Relationships on Sexual and Reproductive Health: An Examination of the Evidence

A global overview of gender-based violence

This paper aimed to explain why men have been excluded from demographic research and the new interest in studying mens roles; to evaluate existing research on men; and to suggest future research directions. Mens role in reproduction has gained in prominence but demographic research has focused on a problem-oriented view and limited topics. Men should be studied as womens partners and as individuals with distinct interesting reproductive histories. Barriers to inclusion of men in demographic research include norms of the US White middle class for demographic theorizing about fertility. Demographers view men in their economic roles and devalue their role in fertility except as providers of sperm and barriers to contraceptive use. The Western family norm assumes agreement between mens and womens marital interests and the isolated unsupported role of mother. Recent theories are addressing issues of power and negotiation within partner relations. Cultural evidence challenges prior norms. A male sample presents methodological problems. Feminism and the womens health movement have shifted the focus to men. Classic demographic transition theory has failed to explain fertility change in a range of settings. Methods from other disciplines and the inclusion of qualitative data open up research options for studying men. A broader contextual analysis is gaining in popularity. Two demographic trends will require future research on mens role in family planning and fertility: the relaxation of links between marriage and childbearing and cumulative widening gaps between the reproductive experiences of men and women.

/pdf/absent-and-problematic-men-demographic-accounts-of-male-2ebv78wdzk.pdf

Absent and Problematic Men: Demographic Accounts of Male Reproductive Roles

Adolescence is the period between 10 and 19 years with peculiar physical, social, psychological and reproductive health characteristics. Rates of adolescent pregnancy are increasing in developing countries, with higher occurrences of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. The few studies conducted on adolescent pregnancy in Africa present inconsistent and inconclusive findings on the distribution of the problems. Also, there was no meta-analysis study conducted in this area in Africa. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to estimate the prevalence and sociodemographic determinant factors of adolescent pregnancy using the available published and unpublished studies carried out in African countries. Also, subgroup analysis was conducted by different demographic, geopolitical and administrative regions. This study used a systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished studies in Africa. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was strictly followed. All studies in MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and African Journals Online databases were searched using relevant search terms. Data were extracted using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool for prevalence studies. STATA 14 software was used to perform the meta-analysis. The heterogeneity and publication bias was assessed using the I2 statistics and Egger’s test, respectively. Forest plots were used to present the pooled prevalence and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of meta-analysis using the random effect model. This review included 52 studies, 254,350 study participants. A total of 24 countries from East, West, Central, North and Southern African sub-regions were included. The overall pooled prevalence of adolescent pregnancy in Africa was 18.8% (95%CI: 16.7, 20.9) and 19.3% (95%CI, 16.9, 21.6) in the Sub-Saharan African region. The prevalence was highest in East Africa (21.5%) and lowest in Northern Africa (9.2%). Factors associated with adolescent pregnancy include rural residence (OR: 2.04), ever married (OR: 20.67), not attending school (OR: 2.49), no maternal education (OR: 1.88), no father’s education (OR: 1.65), and lack of parent to adolescent communication on sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issues (OR: 2.88). Overall, nearly one-fifth of adolescents become pregnant in Africa. Several sociodemographic factors like residence, marital status, educational status of adolescents, their mother’s and father’s, and parent to adolescent SRH communication were associated with adolescent pregnancy. Interventions that target these factors are important in reducing adolescent pregnancy.

/pdf/prevalence-and-determinants-of-adolescent-pregnancy-in-15z3avm4od.pdf

Prevalence and determinants of adolescent pregnancy in Africa: a systematic review and Meta-analysis

/pdf/egypt-demographic-and-health-survey-1997-1h5fvtv57v.pdf

Egypt Demographic and Health Survey 1997

This publication presents the findings of the 2000 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). It also presents the results of the continuous work in preparing and carrying out the activities of the EDHS including fieldwork data processing and analysis of the findings. The 2000 EDHS interviewed a nationally representative sample of 15573 ever-married women aged 15-49. The findings presented relate to fertility levels childbearing intentions family planning infant and child mortality and maternal and child health and nutrition. The report also addresses key maternal and health indicators including the extent to which mothers receive medical care during pregnancy and at delivery immunization coverage and the prevalence and treatment of diarrheal disease. Overall the findings show that family planning in Egypt continues to be successful in helping couples to plan their families. The survey also found that key maternal and child health indicators including antenatal care coverage medical assistance at delivery infant and child survival and immunization coverage among children have improved.

/pdf/egypt-demographic-and-health-survey-2014-4z43c2cf47.pdf

Egypt Demographic and Health Survey 2014

/pdf/egypt-health-issues-survey-2015-55f01qvdbe.pdf

Egypt Health Issues Survey 2015

Complete results of the 1992 Demographic and Health for Egypt were included in text and tables on 12 main topics: household characteristics fertility knowledge and attitudes about family planning current use of family planning use of the pill and IUD nonuse of family planning and intention to use fertility preferences proximate determinants of fertility infant and child mortality maternal and child health infant feeding and maternal and child nutrition and the husbands survey. Appendices provided a discussion of survey staffing sample errors data quality tables and a complete copy of the questionnaires. In the summary of findings the report stated that fertility and family planning had changed markedly since 1980. Fertility is presently 3.9 births per woman. All are aware of family planning and 66% have used some method at some time. Contraceptive usage just about doubled to 47% in 1992. Users obtain the pill mostly from pharmacies and the IUD from private doctors or government facilities. 58% of users have a method accessible within 30 minutes from their household. Physical access was not found to deter usage not did cost deter usage. Pill and IUD users indicated a willingness to pay more. The husbands survey confirmed that husbands play an important role in family planning decision making. The male concern is for limiting family size. 3 out of 5 husbands reported that they did not want more children. 8 out of 10 approved of family planning. The marriage age is slowly rising. Women aged 25-29 had a median age at marriage of 19.9 years which was 1.6 years higher than the median age among women aged 45-49. Fertility rates are unevenly distributed spatially; rural women in Upper Egypt have a fertility of 6.0 and rural women in Lower Egypt have a fertility of 4.1. Urban women are more likely to use family planning. Discontinuation of use is problematic in that 3 out of 10 stop using within 12 months; this is particularly high among pill users. The average woman has 1.2 more births than desired. Infant and child mortality has also declined markedly since 1972 but not as much as in rural areas. Most mothers do not receive adequate prenatal care.

/pdf/egypt-demographic-and-health-survey-1998-4toegumo18.pdf

Egypt Demographic and Health Survey 1998

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Egypt Demographic and Health Survey 1997

Egypt Demographic and Health Survey 2014

Egypt Health Issues Survey 2015

Egypt Demographic and Health Survey 1998