Advances in new technologies for complete slide digitization in pathology have allowed the appearance of a wide spectrum of technologic solutions for whole-slide scanning, which have been classified into motorized microscopes and scanners. This article describes technical aspects of 31 different digital microscopy systems. The most relevant characteristics of the scanning devices are described, including the cameras used, the speed of digitization, and the image quality. Other aspects, such as the file format, the compression techniques, and the solutions for visualization of digital slides, (including diagnosis-aided tools) are also considered. Most of the systems evaluated allow a high-resolution digitization of the whole slide within about 1 hour using a x40 objective. The image quality of the current virtual microscopy systems is suitable for clinical, educational, and research purposes. The efficient use of digital microscopy by means of image analysis systems can offer important benefits to pathology departments.

/pdf/critical-comparison-of-31-commercially-available-digital-17aejpi6lp.pdf

Critical comparison of 31 commercially available digital slide systems in pathology.

Automated image analysis of histopathology specimens could potentially provide support for early detection and improved characterization of breast cancer. Automated segmentation of the cells comprising imaged tissue microarrays (TMAs) is a prerequisite for any subsequent quantitative analysis. Unfortunately, crowding and overlapping of cells present significant challenges for most traditional segmentation algorithms. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm that can reliably separate touching cells in hematoxylin-stained breast TMA specimens that have been acquired using a standard RGB camera. The algorithm is composed of two steps. It begins with a fast, reliable object center localization approach that utilizes single-path voting followed by mean-shift clustering. Next, the contour of each cell is obtained using a level set algorithm based on an interactive model. We compared the experimental results with those reported in the most current literature. Finally, performance was evaluated by comparing the pixel-wise accuracy provided by human experts with that produced by the new automated segmentation algorithm. The method was systematically tested on 234 image patches exhibiting dense overlap and containing more than 2200 cells. It was also tested on whole slide images including blood smears and TMAs containing thousands of cells. Since the voting step of the seed detection algorithm is well suited for parallelization, a parallel version of the algorithm was implemented using graphic processing units (GPU) that resulted in significant speedup over the C/C++ implementation.

Robust Segmentation of Overlapping Cells in Histopathology Specimens Using Parallel Seed Detection and Repulsive Level Set

Internet-Enabled High-Resolution Brain Mapping and Virtual Microscopy

Cancer Digital Slide Archive: an informatics resource to support integrated in silico analysis of TCGA pathology data

We present the design of the Virtual Microscope, a software system employing a client/server architecture to provide a realistic emulation of a high power light microscope We discuss several technical challenges related to providing the performance necessary to achieve rapid response time, mainly in dealing with the enormous amounts of data (tens to hundreds of gigabytes per slide) that must be retrieved from secondary storage and processed To effectively implement the data server, the system design relies on the computational power and high I/O throughput available from an appropriately configured parallel computer

The Virtual Microscope.

The Virtual Microscope is being designed as an integrated computer hardware and software system that generates a highly realistic digital simulation of analog, mechanical light microscopy. We present our work over the past year in meeting the challenges in building such a system. The enhancements we made are discussed, as well as the planned future improvements. Performance results are provided showing the system scales well, so that many users can be adequately serviced by an appropriately configured data server.

/pdf/digital-dynamic-telepathology-the-virtual-microscope-58mfaw0wun.pdf

Digital dynamic telepathology--the Virtual Microscope.

The goal of this study is to conduct a performance evaluation of the Virtual Microscope, a software system employing a client-server architecture to provide a realistic emulation of a high power light microscope. The system is required to provide interactive response times for the standard behavior of a physical microscope. These behaviors include continuously moving the stage and changing magnification and focus. In addition, a software solution can enable new modes of behavior that cannot be achieved with a physical microscope, such as simultaneous viewing and manipulation of one slide by multiple users. The client software runs on an end user's PC or workstation, while the database software for storing, retrieving and processing the microscope image data runs on a high performance parallel computer, potentially at a remote site.

Performance Evaluation of Client-Server Architecturesfor Large-Scale Image-Processing Applications

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Digital dynamic telepathology--the Virtual Microscope.

Performance Evaluation of Client-Server Architecturesfor Large-Scale Image-Processing Applications