Recent Advances on Graphene: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Nanotheranostics, which combines optical multiplexed disease detection with therapeutic monitoring in a single modality, has the potential to propel the field of nanomedicine toward genuine personalized medicine. Currently employed mainstream modalities using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in diagnosis and treatment are limited by a lack of specificity and potential issues associated with systemic toxicity. Light-mediated nanotheranostics offers a relatively non-invasive alternative for cancer diagnosis and treatment by using AuNPs of specific shapes and sizes that absorb near infrared (NIR) light, inducing plasmon resonance for enhanced tumor detection and generating localized heat for tumor ablation. Over the last decade, significant progress has been made in the field of nanotheranostics, however the main biological and translational barriers to nanotheranostics leading to a new paradigm in anti-cancer nanomedicine stem from the molecular complexities of cancer and an incomplete mechanistic understanding of utilization of Au-NPs in living systems. This work provides a comprehensive overview on the biological, physical and translational barriers facing the development of nanotheranostics. It will also summarise the recent advances in engineering specific AuNPs, their unique characteristics and, importantly, tunability to achieve the desired optical/photothermal properties.

Smart Gold Nanostructures for Light Mediated Cancer Theranostics: Combining Optical Diagnostics with Photothermal Therapy.

Nanostructured porous graphene for efficient removal of emerging contaminants (pharmaceuticals) from water

Terminalia catappa shell as low-cost biosorbent for the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions

MXenes, transition metal carbides and nitrides with graphene-like structures, have received considerable attention since their first discovery. On the other hand, Graphene has been extensively used in biomedical and medicinal applications. MXene and graphene, both as promising candidates of two-dimensional materials, have shown to possess high potential in future biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties such as superior electrical conductivity, high biocompatibility, large surface area, optical and magnetic features, and extraordinary thermal and mechanical properties. These special structural, functional, and biological characteristics suggest that the hybrid/composite structure of MXene and graphene would be able to meet many unmet needs in different fields; particularly in medicine and biomedical engineering, where high-performance mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, and optical requirements are necessary. However, the hybridization and surface functionalization should be further explored to obtain biocompatible composites/platforms with unique physicochemical properties, high stability, and multifunctionality. In addition, toxicological and long-term biosafety assessments and clinical translation evaluations should be given high priority in research. Although very limited studies have revealed the excellent potentials of MXene/graphene in biomedicine, the next steps should be toward the extensive research and detailed analysis in optimizing the properties and improving their functionality with a clinical and industrial outlook. Herein, different synthesis/fabrication methods and performances of MXene/graphene composites are discussed for potential biomedical applications. The potential toxicological effects of these composites on human cells and tissues are also covered, and future perspectives toward more successful translational applications are presented. The current state-of-the-art biotechnological advances in the use of MXene-Graphene composites, as well as their developmental challenges and future prospects are also deliberated. Due to the superior properties and multifunctionality of MXene-graphene composites, these hybrid structures can open up considerable new horizons in future of healthcare and medicine. 

/pdf/mxene-graphene-composites-a-perspective-on-biomedical-1pwfy1de.pdf

MXene-Graphene Composites: A Perspective on Biomedical Potentials

Bionomics and management of aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) on canola (Brassica napus) using Chrysoperla carnea

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important cereal crop that provides food to half of the world's population. Pakistan's traditional and premium quality rice is mostly exported to Europe. Transgenic or genetically modified rice (GM RICE) has been developed in the USA, China, and other countries, like herbicide-tolerant Liberty-Link rice (LLRICE06, LLRICE62, LLRICE601) and insect-resistant Bt-63. International and national biosafety regulations allow countries to stop the import of any genetically modified organism (GMO) due to its possible safety concerns. PCR-based methods are recommended for the accurate detection of GM rice. Qualitative PCR is used to detect the presence or absence of GMOs in a rice sample. The objective of this study was to check the presence of GMOs in the rice samples collected from rice-growing areas in Punjab. Eighty-two rice samples were collected randomly from various markets/locations in rice-growing areas of Punjab for this study. Twelve bulks were prepared to represent eighty-two rice samples. The CTAB method was used to extract the DNA from rice samples to analyze it. PCR of rice bulk samples was performed using primers specific for SPS, CP, p35S, tNOS, nptII, Hpt and Bt 63 rice. Positive and negative controls were included in each PCR. Primers specific for chloroplast (CP) and Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) genes were used to confirm DNA quality for amplification. Then, primers specific for the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and the Agrobacterium nopaline synthase (NOS) terminator were used for the detection of GM rice through PCR, neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) and Hygromycin phosphotransferase (Hpt) were used as a selectable marker and Bt 63 rice was used in insect resistance. The gel electrophoresis of PCR was conducted using a DNA ladder and then taking of the image was through gel documentation system for visualization and analysis. According to the results, all the rice bulks representing the eighty-two rice samples were negative for p35S, tNOS, nptII, Hygro and Bt 63 rice event. These findings are encouraging and demonstrate that rice grown in kalar track of Punjab, Pakistan, is non-GMO. Such surveillance and monitoring would be largely beneficial to maintain the purity of our traditional non-GM rice and to avoid any possible mixing of GM rice seeds, especially at the time of import. All these efforts will ensure and protect our national share in the international trade of rice.

http://bcsrj.com/ojs/index.php/bcsrj/article/download/175/275

Detection of genetically modified rice locally available in punjab, pakistan

Investigation into the toxic effects of graphene nanopores on lung cancer cells and biological tissues

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Papers

Bionomics and management of aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) on canola (Brassica napus) using Chrysoperla carnea

Detection of genetically modified rice locally available in punjab, pakistan

Investigation into the toxic effects of graphene nanopores on lung cancer cells and biological tissues