The worldwide increases in both environmental damage and human population pressure have the unfortunate consequence that global food production may soon become insufficient to feed all of the world's people. It is therefore essential that agricultural productivity be significantly increased within the next few decades. To this end, agricultural practice is moving toward a more sustainable and environmentally friendly approach. This includes both the increasing use of transgenic plants and plant growth-promoting bacteria as a part of mainstream agricultural practice. Here, a number of the mechanisms utilized by plant growth-promoting bacteria are discussed and considered. It is envisioned that in the not too distant future, plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) will begin to replace the use of chemicals in agriculture, horticulture, silviculture, and environmental cleanup strategies. While there may not be one simple strategy that can effectively promote the growth of all plants under all conditions, some of the strategies that are discussed already show great promise.

/pdf/plant-growth-promoting-bacteria-mechanisms-and-applications-1vmnc8frke.pdf

Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria: Mechanisms and Applications

Soil salinity: A serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation.

Mechanisms and applications of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: Current perspective

Bacteria with ACC deaminase can promote plant growth and help to feed the world

Enhancement of drought stress tolerance in crops by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria.

A series of experiments were conducted to assess the effectiveness of rhizobacteria containing 1-aminocyclopropane- 1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase for growth promotion of peas under drought conditions. Ten rhizobacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of different crops (peas, wheat, and maize) were screened for their growth promoting ability in peas under axenic condition. Three rhizobacterial isolates, Pseudomonas fluorescens biotype G (ACC-5), P. fluorescens (ACC-14), and P. putida biotype A (Q-7), were selected for pot trial on the basis of their source, ACC deaminase activity, root colonization, and growth promoting activity under axenic conditions. Inoculated and uninoculated (control) seeds of pea cultivar 2000 were sown in pots (4 seeds/pot) at different soil moisture levels (25, 50, 75, and 100% of field capacity). Results revealed that decreasing the soil moisture levels from 100 to 25% of field capacity significantly decreased the growth of peas. However, inoculation of peas with rhizobacteria containing ACC deaminase significantly decreased the "drought stress imposed effects" on growth of peas, although with variable efficacy at different moisture levels. At the lowest soil moisture level (25% field capacity), rhizobacterial isolate Pseudomonas fluorescens biotype G (ACC-5) was found to be more promising compared with the other isolates, as it caused maximum increases in fresh weight, dry weight, root length, shoot length, number of leaves per plant, and water use efficiency on fresh and dry weight basis (45, 150, 92, 45, 140, 46, and 147%, respectively) compared with respective uninoculated controls. It is highly likely that rhizobacteria containing ACC deaminase might have decreased the drought-stress induced ethylene in inoculated plants, which resulted in better growth of plants even at low moisture levels. Therefore, inoculation with rhizobacteria containing ACC deaminase could be helpful in eliminating the inhibitory effects of drought stress on the growth of peas.

https://www.koreascience.or.kr:443/article/JAKO200822179194535.pdf

Effectiveness of rhizobacteria containing ACC deaminase for growth promotion of peas (Pisum sativum) under drought conditions.

This paper deals with minority carrier lifetime and carrier concentration of Cu(In, Ga)Se 2 (CIGS)-based thin film solar cells with a ZnS(n)/CIGS(p) heterojunction structure. The structure is simulated in commercial numerical simulation and the impact of minority carrier lifetime in the CIGS absorber layer on the open circuit voltage, short circuit current density, fill factor and efficiency of the CIGS solar cell are investigated. The increase of minority carrier lifetime has also increased the CIGS solar cell performance. Similar effects are also observed at different carrier concentrations of CIGS layer. All these simulated results give a helpful indication for a practical fabrication process.

The impact of minority carrier lifetime and carrier concentration on the efficiency of CIGS solar cell

Soil characteristics of Gujar Khan area of Rawalpindi district were evaluated through physical and chemical analysis. About 3002 soil samples were received/collected from farmers' fields of Gujar Khan during the period between 2012 and 2017 and analysed for texture, electrical conductivity (ECe), pH, organic matter (OM), available phosphorus (AP) and available potash (AK). The analysis results revealed that texture of the soils varied from sandy loam (33.5%) to loam (61.6%). The 98.6% soils had ECe values within the normal range ( 0.86%) and 3.4% satisfactory levels and AP (>7.0-14 mg/Kg). However, 62% soils has satisfactory to adequate AK status. The frequency distribution analysis indicated that 45% soils of Gujar Khan and OM content in the range of 0.4-0.6%, 57% and soil have AP in the range of 4.0-6.0 mg/Kg, while 50% and AK in the range of 81-120 mg/Kg. The soil fertility indexes in respect of OM and AP were low (1.0), whereas AK (1.7) indicating a medium fertility status of Gujar Khan soils.

/pdf/soil-characteristics-and-fertility-indexation-in-gujar-khan-3i8hk4yqvd.pdf

Soil Characteristics and Fertility Indexation in Gujar Khan Area of Rawalpindi

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Effectiveness of rhizobacteria containing ACC deaminase for growth promotion of peas (Pisum sativum) under drought conditions.

The impact of minority carrier lifetime and carrier concentration on the efficiency of CIGS solar cell

Soil Characteristics and Fertility Indexation in Gujar Khan Area of Rawalpindi