Photoactivatable (alternatively, photoremovable, photoreleasable, or photocleavable) protecting groups (PPGs), also known as caged or photocaged compounds, are used to enable non-invasive spatiotemporal photochemical control over the release of species of interest. Recent years have seen the development of PPGs activatable by biologically and chemically benign visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. These long-wavelength-absorbing moieties expand the applicability of this powerful method and its accessibility to non-specialist users. This review comprehensively covers organic and transition metal-containing photoactivatable compounds (complexes) that absorb in the visible- and NIR-range to release various leaving groups and gasotransmitters (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide). The text also covers visible- and NIR-light-induced photosensitized release using molecular sensitizers, quantum dots, and upconversion and second-harmonic nanoparticles, as well as release via photodynamic (photooxygenation by singlet oxygen) and photothermal effects. Release from photoactivatable polymers, micelles, vesicles, and photoswitches, along with the related emerging field of photopharmacology, is discussed at the end of the review.

Visible-to-NIR-Light Activated Release: From Small Molecules to Nanomaterials.

Pesticides and fertilizers are widely used to enhance agriculture yields, although the fraction of the pesticides applied in the field that reaches the targets is less than 0.1%. Such indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides is disadvantageous due to the cost implications and increasing human health and environmental concerns. In recent years, the utilization of nanotechnology to create novel formulations has shown great potential for diminishing the indiscriminate use of pesticides and providing environmentally safer alternatives. Smart nano-based pesticides are designed to efficiently delivery sufficient amounts of active ingredients in response to biotic and/or abiotic stressors that act as triggers, employing targeted and controlled release mechanisms. This review discusses the current status of stimuli-responsive release systems with potential to be used in agriculture, highlighting the challenges and drawbacks that need to be overcome in order to accelerate the global commercialization of smart nanopesticides.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12951-019-0533-8.pdf

Development of stimuli-responsive nano-based pesticides: emerging opportunities for agriculture

Pollution related to pesticides has become a global problem due to their low utilization and non-targeting application, and nanotechnology has shown great potential in promoting sustainable agriculture. Nowadays, mesoporous silica-based nanomaterials have garnered immense attention for improving the efficacy and safety of pesticides due to their distinctive advantages of low toxicity, high thermal and chemical stability, and particularly size tunability and versatile functionality. Based on the introduction of the structure and synthesis of different types of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), the multiple roles of mesoporous silica in safe pesticide application using nanotechnology are discussed in this Review: (i) as nanocarrier for sustained/controlled delivery of pesticides, (ii) as adsorbent for enrichment or removal of pesticides in aqueous media, (iii) as support of catalysts for degradation of pesticide contaminants, and (iv) as support of sensors for detection of pesticides. Several scientific issues, strategies, and mechanisms regarding the application of MSNs in the pesticide field are presented, with their future directions discussed in terms of their environmental risk assessment, in-depth mechanism exploration, and cost-benefit consideration for their continuous development. This Review will provide critical information to related researchers and may open up their minds to develop new advances in pesticide application.

Multiple Roles of Mesoporous Silica in Safe Pesticide Application by Nanotechnology: A Review.

Fabrication of Co/Pr co-doped Ti/PbO2 anode for efficiently electrocatalytic degradation of β-naphthoxyacetic acid.

In spite of inventing several anticancer agents the clinical payoff still remains unsatisfactory because of their severe host toxicity due to their nonspecific biodistribution in the body. To achieve high efficiency in anti-cancer drug delivery, thus, we designed and developed a single component photoresponsive drug delivery system, a fusion of two platforms spiropyran and coumarin, which synchronizes two controlling factors: first, the lower pH of cancer tissue, which acts as an internal control and leads to the ring opening of spiropyran resulting in a distinct colour change and fluorescence activation of coumarin; and second, the release of the anti-tumor drug by the externally controlled light. Highly fluorescent nature and promising biocompatibility make the SP–Cou–Cbl system suitable for cell imaging and in vitro studies.

/pdf/a-spiropyran-coumarin-platform-an-environment-sensitive-19qxkil3wb.pdf

A spiropyran-coumarin platform: an environment sensitive photoresponsive drug delivery system for efficient cancer therapy

We report a novel technique for controlled release of plant growth regulators (PGRs) by sunlight using photoremovable protecting group (PRPG) as a delivery device. In the present work, carboxyl-containing PGRs of the auxin group [indoleacetic acid (IAA) and naphthoxyacetic acid (NOAA)] were chemically caged using PRPGs of coumarin derivatives. Photophysical studies showed that caged PGRs exhibited good fluorescence properties. Irradiation of caged PGRs by sunlight in both aqueous ethanol and soil media resulted in controlled release of PGRs. The results of the bioactivity experiments indicated that caged PGRs showed better enhancement in the root and shoot length growth of Cicer arietinum compared to PGRs after 10 days of sunlight exposure. Our results indicated that use of PRPG as a delivery device for controlled release of PGRs by sunlight in soil holds great interest for field application since it can overcome the rapid loss of PGRs in environmental conditions.

Application of photoremovable protecting group for controlled release of plant growth regulators by sunlight.

Several novel 4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives incorporating four known bioactive moiety such as adamantine, piperazine, imidazolidine and thiazolidinone were synthesized by using multistep reaction strategy. The synthesized derivatives were characterized by IR, 1H-NMR, Mass and elemental analysis. Furthermore the synthesized derivatives evaluated for antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, ulcerogenic, analgesic and acute toxicity activities.

Synthesis and pharmacology of some novel 4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives

A fluid–solid finite element method for the analysis of reactor safety problems

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Application of photoremovable protecting group for controlled release of plant growth regulators by sunlight.

Synthesis and pharmacology of some novel 4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives

A fluid–solid finite element method for the analysis of reactor safety problems