The aedes mosquitoes are efficient vector causing various infectious diseases across the world. Dengue outbreak is a major threat to human health in various provinces of India. Despite of dry season in Rajasthan a very high number of dengue fever cases have recorded. This review emphasized current status of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes abundance, their key breeding habitats and susceptibility to currently applied insecticide measures in order to know the role of vector in transmission of several infectious diseases in northern-west state, Rajasthan. Data highlighted that mostly cases of dengue occurred after the monsoon season. The dengue vector density was found to correlate with rainfall, temperature and relative humidity fluctuations. Due to continuous and unabated use of insecticides in agriculture sector and public health progressively started to selection pressure, inducing rapid development of resistance in mosquitoes vectors. The data related to insecticide susceptibility interpreted and even explored development of resist come up with a background for an understanding to trigger the development of novel tools and alternative strategies to control aedes mosquitoes population concerned with public health.

http://www.dipterajournal.com/pdf/2020/vol7issue4/PartB/7-1-27-469.pdf

A review on the prevalence and susceptibility/resistance status of Aedes mosquitoes in Rajasthan

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a potent modulator of cholesterol metabolism and plays a crucial role in the normal functioning of pancreatic islets and the progression of diabetes. Islet autocrine PCSK9 deficiency can lead to the enrichment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) and excessive LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) uptake, subsequently impairing the insulin secretion in β-cells. Circulatory PCSK9 levels are primarily attributed to hepatocyte secretion. Notably, anti-PCSK9 strategies proposed for individuals with hypercholesterolemia chiefly target liver-derived PCSK9; however, these anti-PCSK9 strategies have been associated with the risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus (NODM). In the current review, we highlight a new direction in PCSK9 inhibition therapy strategies: screening candidates for anti-PCSK9 from the drugs used in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment. We explored the association between circulating, local pancreatic PCSK9 and T2DM, as well as the relationship between PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies and NODM. We discussed the emergence of artificial and natural drugs in recent years, exhibiting dual benefits of antidiabetic activity and PCSK9 reduction, confirming that the diverse effects of these drugs may potentially impact the progression of diabetes and associated disorders, thereby introducing novel avenues and methodologies to enhance disease prognosis. 

The association between circulatory, local pancreatic PCSK9 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The effects of antidiabetic drugs on PCSK9

Correlation between apolipoprotein B and lipid profile as markers of cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi

Background: Dengue or dengue fever is one of the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in worldwide distribution. The virus is the member of flavivirus group which typically is a single stranded RNA virus. Methods: This study was conducted on September 2019 to December 2019 and specimens which were received blood samples in the Microbiology lab for detection of dengue Through card method, we used the DAY1 kit by J Mitra and DENGUE DUO by SD company which is detected dengue NS1, IgM and IgG antibodies, from patients with clinical suspicion of dengue fever-like illness, who presented to the outpatient's department and indoor patients were admitted NIMS hospital Jaipur, Rajasthan. Results: Among 1222 patients is dengue suspected and diagnosed as 390dengue positive patients. Which is dengue Ns1 383 (95.2%), IgM 18 (4.3%) and IgG 2 (0.5%). And according to male and female as well as 294 (75.4%) & 96 (24.6%). Then age group wise more predominant 11-20 years 30.8%. Most predominant thrombocytopenia is according to platelet count less than 50000 / microliter (25.6%) were patients. Among leukocytopenia is 48.7% is dengue fever patients. Conclusions: Present study concludes that clinical surveillance about dengue haemorrhagic fever is important as timely recognition can influence outcome and may prevent any compilations

An epidemiological study on dengue viral fever and its correlate between thrombocytopenia and leukocytopenia in dengue markers at rural population in jaipur, rajasthan.

Background Dengue is an emerging global viral disease with an increase 30-fold in incidence in the past fifty years. In the past decade it was restricted to only few a states of South and Northern India but in the recent past it has affected almost all the states in India. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical profile, trends and outcome of dengue cases. Methods This retrospective record based cross-sectional study was conducted in tertiary hospital, Mangaluru in Southern India. The study population included all dengue positive cases diagnosed either by IgM Capture ELISA or Dengue Non-structural Protein NS1 antigen over a period of five years. Information from pre-recorded case sheets were used for data collection. The data was analyzed using SPSS Version 20. Results from the analysis have been expressed in percentages, means and graphs. Results The study included 401 dengue cases. Most cases were in the age range of 20-40 years with a male to female ratio of 3:2. Overall seropositivity rate was 23.94% with High IgM prevalence. Monthly distribution showed a maximum cases were in the months of June and July and minimum were in January and February. Among the study participants, 91.5% of patients recovered completely and 1.7% of patients had died. 6.8% of patients were discharged against medical advice. Conclusions Dengue continues to be major public health problem in this part of the globe affecting mainly the working age group. Low seropositivity with High IgM prevelance makes dengue an important differential for febrile illness of vague nature and invokes the need for robust public health response to curb the hyper-endemicity.

Clinical and seasonal pattern of dengue in a tertiary care hospital of South West India

Background: Dengue is a major international health concern that is prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical countries It is 2 nd most common arthropod borne disease in India There are certain clinical features that are associated with Dengue in addition of the classical features Previously organ impairment has been only considered under set up of severe disease On the recent years, several studies have suggested the possibility of early involvement of the liver in dengue Further due to its atypical presentation often dengue missed out as a differential diagnosis Methods: A total of 50 patients were selected to be a part of study after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria Only those patients were included in the study who had classical features of dengue- fever with chills, body ache, headache, rash, bleeding manifestations and thrombocytopenia and had a positive ELISA test ie IgM antibodies against dengue virus Patients who had malaria and enteric fever were excluded from the study All patients were subjected to a detailed history and a thorough clinical examination A complete blood count, liver function tests, renal function tests, chest X-ray and USG abdomen were also done Results: An analysis of 50 patients suffering from dengue showed liver dysfunction was present in all patients Vomiting was an important symptom present upto 70% of patients SGOT levels were higher than SGPT levels Hepatosplenomegaly and ascitis were also present in significant number of patients An analysis of these patients revealed that patients typically demonstrate high grade fever, body ache, rash, thrombocytopenia and bleeding tendency, there were other features such as liver dysfunction including a preferential rise of SGOT, hepatosplenomegaly, ascitis, pleural effusion and leucopoenia Conclusions: This study showed that dengue fever was seen in the third decade and that AST and ALT levels were raised in the majority of these patients It was also found that AST levels were more than ALT levels So, AST and ALT can be a useful early marker to assess the severity of the disease which can thus lead to early recognition of high risk cases The presence of raised liver enzymes in all patients, ascitis, hepatosplenomegaly, elevation of SGOT more than SGPT, should be kept in mind when evaluating patients with suspected dengue

A study of dengue and hepatopathy

Objectives Individual with diabetes may have several from of Dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemia has been considered to be factor that plays a risk in progression of micro vascular disease, especially in diabetes.1 The present study is intended to Study of correlation between Apolipoprotein B and Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes patients and prevalence of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients. Material and methods Prospective cross- sectional study conducted on 100 cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Groups are divided according to A/C ratio and association of dyslipidemia was seen. Serum Apolipoprotein B was measured using immunoturbidimetric method. Results Pearson's correlation analysis of Apo B with lipid parameters in diabetic patients showed that, LDL, TC and Tg were positively correlated with Apo- B. There was a positive and linear correlation between LDL and Tg. Apo- B was negatively correlated with HDL-C. Conclusion The majority of patients studied had low HDL-C, elevated non HDL- C, elevated total cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, elevated LDL -C and elevated apo B. Apolipoprotein B had a positive linear correlation with total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, non-HDL-C. The strongest positive correlation was with nonHDL-C. Patients with low HDL-C had high apo B levels.

A Study of Correlation between Apolipoprotein B and Dyslipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes Patients and its Relation with Proteinuria- A Tertiary Care Hospital Based Study.

AIM
Type-2 DM patients are susceptible for various types of infections. Long standing Type2 DM patients have strong predilection for tuberculosis as seen in various studies. Here, we aimed to study susceptibility of tuberculosis as compared to other non tuberculous pneumonia in type-2 DM on the basis of CD markers.


MATERIAL AND METHODS
A case control study on 150 subjects was conducted in S.P. Medical College and Associated Group of P.B.M. Hospitals, Bikaner. Subjects were divided into 3 groups each of 50 type-2 diabetic patients having tuberculous pneumonia, of 50 type-2 diabetic patients having non tuberculous pneumonia and 50 patients of type 2 diabetes as a control group attending Medical Outdoor and those Admitted in Hospital IPD Wards. All participants were subjected to detailed clinical examination and relevant investigations. Flow cytometry was used for CD4 and CD8 count.


RESULTS
Diabetic patients with tuberculous pneumonia have significantly (p-value <0.05) elevated numbers of CD4 and CD8 cell count in comparison of both controls and nontuberculous pneumonia. Diabetic patients with non tuberculous pneumonia have significantly (p-value <0.05) lower CD4 and CD8 cell count in comparison of diabetic controls and diabetic patients with tuberculous pneumonia.


CONCLUSION
DM is associated with an alteration in the immune response to tuberculosis, leading to a induction of CD4 and CD8 mediated cellular responses and likely contributing to increased immune pathology in M. tuberculosis infection. Our study also provides an impetus to perform longitudinal studies examining the role of immunological biomarkers in the development of tuberculosis in diabetic patients.

Study of Correlation of CD4, CD8 Count with Tuberculous Pneumonia and Non Tuberculous Bacterial Pneumonia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitu.

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A study of dengue and hepatopathy

A Study of Correlation between Apolipoprotein B and Dyslipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes Patients and its Relation with Proteinuria- A Tertiary Care Hospital Based Study.

Study of Correlation of CD4, CD8 Count with Tuberculous Pneumonia and Non Tuberculous Bacterial Pneumonia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitu.