Despite controlling a diverse array of regulatory processes in plants, UV-B wavelengths (280-315 nm) are attenuated by common greenhouse materials such as glass and polycarbonate and are therefore depleted in many commercial growing environments. In this study, we analysed the architecture, pigment accumulation and antioxidant capacity of coriander (Coriandrum sativum, also known as cilantro) plants grown with and without supplementary UV-B (1.5 µmol m-2 s-1). We demonstrate that UV-B limits stem elongation responses to neighbour proximity perception (shade avoidance), promoting a more compact plant architecture. In addition, UV-B increased leaf quercetin content and total antioxidant capacity. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants deficient in flavonoid biosynthesis were not impaired in shade avoidance inhibition, suggesting that UV-B-induced flavonoid synthesis is not a component of this response. Our results indicate that UV-B supplementation may provide a method to manipulate the architecture, flavour and nutritional content of potted herbs whilst reducing the deleterious impacts of dense planting on product quality.

/pdf/uv-b-antagonises-shade-avoidance-and-increases-levels-of-the-2vongbtmmk.pdf

UV-B antagonises shade avoidance and increases levels of the flavonoid quercetin in coriander (Coriandrum sativum)

In this study, the protective role of royal jelly (RJ) against the potential toxic effects of sodium benzoate was investigated in Allium cepa L. test material with physiological, genetic, and biochemical parameters. Physiological changes were evaluated by determining weight gain, rooting percentage, root length, and relative injury rate. The genetic evaluations were carried out with chromosomal abnormalities (CAs), micronucleus (MN), tail DNA formation, and mitotic index (MI) ratio parameters. The biochemical evaluations were carried out by determining lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities by determining levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Further, the interaction of sodium benzoate with antioxidant enzymes was evaluated with molecular docking analysis. The antimutagenic effect of RJ was evaluated as the inhibition of chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) and tail DNA formations. A total of six groups were formed in the study. A. cepa L. bulbs in the control group were treated with tap water; the bulbs in the administration groups were treated with sodium benzoate (100 mg/L), RJ (25 mg/L and 50 mg/L doses), and sodium benzoate-RJ combinations with these doses for 72 h. As a result, it was determined that sodium benzoate application caused inhibition of physiological parameters and MI; induced MN, CAs, and DNA damage; and also caused oxidative stress. Depending on the concentration of RJ application, it reduced sodium benzoate toxicity by showing therapeutic effects in all these parameters. Also, the interaction of sodium benzoate with antioxidant enzyme residues was determined by molecular docking analysis. As a result, it has been understood that abandoning the use of sodium benzoate will be beneficial for the environment and human health and concluded that the use of RJ in the daily diet will be effective in reducing the impact of exposed toxic ingredients.

Therapeutic effects of royal jelly against sodium benzoate–induced toxicity: cytotoxic, genotoxic, and biochemical assessment

Micronuclei are biomarkers of genotoxic effects and chromosomal instability. They are formed when chromosome fragments or whole chromosomes fail to disjoin into daughter nuclei. We present qualitative and quantitative analyses of the involvement of specific chromosome regions of chromosomes Bd4 and Bd5 in the formation of micronuclei of Brachypodium distachyon root tip cells following maleic hydrazide (MH) treatment and X-radiation. This is visualised by cytomolecular approaches using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridisation (mcFISH) in combination with 5S and 25S rDNA probes. The results showed that the long arm of submetacentric chromosome Bd4 forms micronuclei at twice the frequency of its short arm, suggesting that the former is more prone to double-strand breaks (DSBs). In contrast, no difference was observed in the frequency of micronuclei derived from the long and short arms of submetacentric chromosome Bd5. Interestingly, the proximal region of the short arm of Bd5 is more prone to DSBs than its distal part. This demonstrates that 5S rDNA and 35S rDNA loci are not "hot spots" for DNA breaks after the application of these mutagens.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/11/2848/pdf

Detecting Brachypodium distachyon Chromosomes Bd4 and Bd5 in MH- and X-Ray-Induced Micronuclei Using mcFISH

Present piece of work has been performed with an aim to engender genetic variations in Andrographis paniculata (Burm f.) Nees and Phyllanthus niruri L. since both plants own low or very poor genetic variations due to wild nature. A. paniculata and P. niruri both are magnificent hepatoprotective wild medicinal plants which have been used since ancient times as an ethnomedicine to cure several common and chronic ailments with the high competence and less side effects. UV-B radiations induce mutations because they are absorbed by major biomolecule predominantly by proteins and nucleic acids chiefly DNA. Owing to enormous potential as herbal medicines, both plants i.e. Andrographis and Phyllanthus have been selected for mutation breeding experiments using Ultraviolet-B radiations (UV-B) as a mutagen. When germinating seedlings of A. paniculata and P. niruri were reached up to 1–3 cm, they were treated with UV-B radiations for 0 min, 10 min, 20 min and 30 min with a recovery period of one hour at room temperature and were planted in earthen pots in triplicates. During observations, significant variations in growth and pigment content have been observed in both plants (A. paniculata and P. niruri) in a dose based manner. A wide spectrum of chlorophyll phenodeviants (chlorophyll deficient mutants) in M2 generation such as xantha, xanthoviridis, alboviridis, virscent and chlorina mutants in A. paniculata and variegated plant, xanthoviridis, xantha and albino mutants in P. niruri have also been observed. Out of all the chlorophyll mutants obtained, few were lethal hence not survived later, while rest were survived till different stages of development. On the basis of occurrence of chlorophyll phenodeviants in Andrographis and Phyllanthus, mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of different doses of UV-B rays have been indexed. The practice of indexing of effectiveness and efficiency of any mutagen is being used for the successful execution of mutation breeding programs to find the optimum dose that may facilitate induction of a multitude of other lucrative mutations.

/pdf/outcome-of-uv-b-exposure-and-induction-of-some-chlorophyll-2agnf2l006.pdf

Outcome of UV-B exposure and induction of some chlorophyll phenodeviants in two important hepatoprotective ethnomedicinal wild plants

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), one of the oldest essential oil-bearing spice and medicinal plants in the world, is widely used in folk medicine and seasoning in food. Thanks to its phytochemicals that have various bioactivity, recently, lots of studies have been conducted on coriander breeding. Classical breeding studies led to the development of new varieties over time. These studies could not accelerate the improvements in some of the plant parameters such as essential oil yield, biotic-abiotic stress resistance, and some other quality characteristics. In this respect, it is very important to conduct basic research on modern breeding programs to determine the yield and quality performance of coriander. Although coriander cultivation is carried out in different parts of the world today, genetic studies on coriander breeding are limited. Studies conducted with genome sequencing technology and molecular markers, the genetic diversity and population structure of the coriander were investigated, and a certain amount of progress was obtained for coriander breeding. This review aims to highlight the importance of biotechnological advancements for coriander breeding. In the light of this information, biotechnological solutions can be enhanced coriander breeding. The review will provide practical information for coriander breeders.

https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2248907

Biotechnological Advancements in Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)

Effect of UV-B radiation on chromosomal organisation and biochemical constituents of Coriandrum sativum L.

Cytogenetical Investigation of a Translocation Heterozygote Induced by Gamma Rays in Coriandrum sativum L.

Genotoxic and mito-depressive effects of food preservatives on root meristems of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

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Effect of UV-B radiation on chromosomal organisation and biochemical constituents of Coriandrum sativum L.

Cytogenetical Investigation of a Translocation Heterozygote Induced by Gamma Rays in Coriandrum sativum L.

Genotoxic and mito-depressive effects of food preservatives on root meristems of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)