臺灣藥用植物誌 = Manual of medicinal plants in Taiwan

Diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 (T2DM), is a major public health problem globally. DM is characterized by high levels of glycemia and insulinemia due to impaired insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity of the cells, known as insulin resistance. T2DM causes multiple and severe complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy causing cell oxidative damages in different internal tissues, particularly the pancreas, heart, adipose tissue, liver, and kidneys. Plant extracts and their bioactive phytochemicals are gaining interest as new therapeutic and preventive alternatives for T2DM and its associated complications. In this regard, isorhamnetin, a plant flavonoid, has long been studied for its potential anti-diabetic effects. This review describes its impact on reducing diabetes-related disorders by decreasing glucose levels, ameliorating the oxidative status, alleviating inflammation, and modulating lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation by regulating involved signaling pathways reported in the in vitro and in vivo studies. Additionally, we include a post hoc whole-genome transcriptome analysis of biological activities of isorhamnetin using a stem cell-based tool.

/pdf/effects-of-isorhamnetin-on-diabetes-and-its-associated-2gy8g9ag.pdf

Effects of Isorhamnetin on Diabetes and Its Associated Complications: A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies and a Post Hoc Transcriptome Analysis of Involved Molecular Pathways

Gaiadandendron punctatum G.Don. (violeta de campo) is a plant used in traditional medicine by the Saraguro people, an ancient indigenous group that lives in southern Ecuador. From samples collected in the region, six glycoside flavonoids, five with quercetin and one with kaempferol as aglycon, were isolated and characterized from hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves and flowers. Rutin (2) was found in flowers and leaves, nicotiflorin (1) was found in flowers, artabotryside A (3) was found in leaves, and three novel quercetin flavonoid glycosides were isolated, elucidated, and characterized via 1D and 2D NMR experiments (1H, 13C, COSY, DEPT, HMBC, HSQC, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY), acid hydrolysis–derivatization–GC-MS analysis, HPLC-MS, IR, UV, and optical rotation. The new quercetin flavonoid glycosides were named hecpatrin (4) (isolated from leaves), gaiadendrin (5) (isolated from leaves), and puchikrin (6) (isolated from flowers). The hydroalcoholic extracts of the leaves presented antimicrobial activity against Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis and the hydroalcoholic extract of the flowers was active against Micrococcus luteus. However, glycoside flavonoids presented scarce antimicrobial activity against bacteria. Hydroalcoholic extracts from leaves and flowers and their secondary metabolites showed inhibition against the α-glucosidase enzyme at different concentrations. Rutin, gaiadendrin, and nicotiflorin showed competitive α-glucosidase inhibition, while hecpatrin presented non-competitive inhibition.

Novel Flavonoid Glycosides of Quercetin from Leaves and Flowers of Gaiadendron punctatum G.Don. (Violeta de Campo), used by the Saraguro Community in Southern Ecuador, Inhibit α-Glucosidase Enzyme

Hyaluronidase enzyme (HAase) has a role in the dissolution or disintegration of hyaluronic acid (HA) and in maintaining the heathy state of skin. Bioassay-guided fractionation of Ravenala madagascariensis (Sonn.) organ extracts (leaf, flower, stem, and root) testing for hyaluronidase inhibition was performed followed by metabolic profiling using LC-HRMS. Additionally, a hyaluronidase docking study was achieved using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE). Results showed that the crude hydroalcoholic (70% EtOH) extract of the leaves as well as its n-butanol (n-BuOH) partition showed higher HAase activity with 64.3% inhibition. Metabolic analysis of R. madagascariensis resulted in the identification of 19 phenolic compounds ranging from different chemical classes (flavone glycosides, flavonol glycosides, and flavanol aglycones). Bioassay-guided purification of the leaf n-BuOH partition led to the isolation of seven compounds that were identified as narcissin, rutin, epiafzelechin, epicatechin, isorhamnetin 7-O-glucoside, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin-7-O-rutinoside. The docking study showed that narcissin, rutin, and quercetin 3-O-glucoside all interact with HAase through hydrogen bonding with the Asp111, Gln271, and/or Glu113 residues. Our results highlight Ravenala madagascariensis and its flavonoids as promising hyaluronidase inhibitors in natural cosmetology preparations for skin care.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/7/1714/pdf

Bioassay-Guided Isolation, Metabolic Profiling, and Docking Studies of Hyaluronidase Inhibitors from Ravenala madagascariensis.

In this research, we explored their capacity for Narcissoside antioxidant and anticholinergic, antidiabetic, and anti-acute myeloid leukaemia. Narcissoside’s antioxidant activities were elucidated ...

Molecular docking studies, anti-Alzheimer's disease, antidiabetic, and anti-acute myeloid leukemia potentials of narcissoside

Introduction: In this study, we investigate the relationship between cancer and exposure to toxic substances in the environment. We used human encounters with them. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 60 adult male mice were divided into four groups, including control, Malathion, Malathion with benzene and benzene. The control group was tested only with physiological serum. Except for the benzene group, all other groups were in skin contact with Malathion for 45 days was fed. After necropsy, tissue samples were taken from the target organs. In addition, cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT and micronucleus tests in vitro and the percentage of IC50 was determined. Microscopic observations of liver tissue showed hepatotoxicity and renal tissue renal toxicity in the Malathion group with benzene. Results: The percentage of frequency of micronuclei at concentrations of 100 /g / ml, 50 /g / ml, 25 /g / ml was significant in all groups compared to the control group (P <0.05). In MTT test, the percentage of cell growth inhibition at concentrations of 100 g/ml, 50 g/ml, 25 g/ml, and 10 µg/ml in all groups was significantly different from the percentage of inhibition of cell growth with the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, certain doses of Malathion alone and in combination with benzene cause cytotoxicity and pre-carcinogenicity in cytotoxicity tests. Malathion exacerbates the carcinogenic effects of benzene

Carcinogenicity of benzene and the effects of Malathion in Mice

Peucedanum aucheri Boiss. (Apiaceae) is a herbaceous wild plant native to Iran and is used in Iranian folk medicine as a diuretic and for the treatment of kidney disorders. Phytochemical investigation of different extracts prepared from the aerial part of P. aucheri Boiss. resulted to the isolation of two main flavonol glycosides from methanolic extract. Using comprehensive spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy, chemical structure of isolated compounds were determined as kaempfrol-3-o-rutinoside (nicotiflorin) and isorhamnetin-3-o-rutinoside (narcissin). Although narcissin has previously been isolated from P. ruthenicum, to the best of our knowledge, isolation of nicotiflorin from Peucedanum genus is reported for the first time.

Isolation and Identification of Nicotiflorin and Narcissin from the Aerial Parts of Peucedanum aucheri Boiss.

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Carcinogenicity of benzene and the effects of Malathion in Mice

Isolation and Identification of Nicotiflorin and Narcissin from the Aerial Parts of Peucedanum aucheri Boiss.