There has been a dramatic growth in research on biological invasions over the past 20 years, but a mature understanding of the field has been hampered because invasion biologists concerned with different taxa and different environments have largely adopted different model frameworks for the invasion process, resulting in a confusing range of concepts, terms and definitions. In this review, we propose a unified framework for biological invasions that reconciles and integrates the key features of the most commonly used invasion frameworks into a single conceptual model that can be applied to all human-mediated invasions. The unified framework combines previous stage-based and barrier models, and provides a terminology and categorisation for populations at different points in the invasion process.

A proposed unified framework for biological invasions.

Management of non-indigenous invasive species (NIS) is challenging owing in part to limitations of early detection and identification. The advent of environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques provides an efficient way to detect NIS when their abundance is extremely low. However, eDNA-based methods often suffer from uncertain detection sensitivity, which requires detailed testing before applying these methods in the field. Here we developed an eDNA tool for early detection of the highly invasive golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei, based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI). Further, we tested technical issues, including sampling strategy and detection sensitivity, based on a laboratory experiment. We then applied the method to field samples collected from water bodies in China where this mussel has or is expected to colonize. Results showed that the detection limit varied extensively among our newly developed primer pairs, ranging from 4 × 10−2 to 4 × 10−6 ng of total genomic DNA. Laboratory detection was affected by the availability of eDNA (i.e., both mussel abundance and incubation time). Detection capacity was higher in laboratory samples containing re-suspended matter from the bottom layer versus that collected from the surface. Among 25 field sites, detection was 100% at sites with high mussel abundance and as low as 40% at sites with low abundance when tested using our most sensitive primer pair. Early detection of NIS present at low abundance in nature requires not only sensitive primers, but also an optimized sampling strategy to reduce the occurrence of false negatives. Careful selection and detailed testing of primer pairs ensures effective eDNA-based species detection in surveillance and management programs.

Early detection of a highly invasive bivalve based on environmental DNA (eDNA)

The golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) has caused worldwide problems for the eco-environment and man-made structures. There have been many control strategies proposed, which have various strengths and weaknesses. To help selection of the effective control strategies that consider the biological traits of L. fortunei and the actual situation of biofouling, we studied the ecological amplitudes that indicate the tolerance of the species to environmental conditions and propose appropriate strategies based on their ecological amplitudes. We set five levels for the environmental factors water temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH and ammonium ion concentration and four levels for light intensity. The survival ratio and attachment ratio of golden mussels under the different environmental conditions were measured and the nonlinear regression models were used to simulate the ecological amplitudes of golden mussel. The results show that their ecological amplitudes are wide-ranging with respect to water temperature (13–29 °C), dissolved oxygen (> 1.5 mg/L), pH (4.1–8.7), ammonium ions concentration (lower 65 mg/L) and light intensity (0–55,000 l x) and the mussels show obvious negative phototaxis. Therefore, adjustment of the environment with high water temperatures, low dissolved oxygen, high pH values or strong and continuous light illumination is suggested as a potentially effective control strategy of golden mussel biofouling.

Survival and attachment of biofouling freshwater mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) to environmental conditions : potential implications in its invasion, infection and biofouling control

Water transfer projects are effective measures to solve the uneven distribution of water resources in China. However, these projects create highways for Golden Mussels (Limnoperna fortunei), which ...

Study of factors influencing the invasion of Golden Mussels (Limnoperna fortunei) in water transfer projects

Functional response and size-selective clearance of suspended matter by an invasive mussel

The freshwater mussels Limnoperna and Dreissena require the low advective flow conditions of large continental rivers so their larvae can develop sufficiently to settle before reaching the ocean in order to maintain their populations. However, these species have also invaded some island rivers with high advective flows. We integrated data for the invasion, distribution, genetic composition and ecological impacts of L. fortunei on the Honshu Island of Japan. Invasion route and mechanisms of dispersion and population persistence are detailed in non-continental rivers. The initial invasion and several of the dispersions of L. fortunei were closely related to the food culture of consuming freshwater clams in Japan. Other dispersions were most likely affected by headrace channels. Thus, population persistence depends on anthropogenic lentic environments such as reservoirs and channel networks as a nursing habitat for L. fortunei larvae. L. fortunei was often abundant near artificial habitats and less abundant in the lower segments of rivers. We also contrast the invasion processes of freshwater mussels in continental and non-continental rivers.

Invasion, dispersion, population persistence and ecological impacts of a freshwater mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) in the Honshu Island of Japan

/pdf/submerged-aquatic-bryophyte-flora-in-the-upper-and-middle-1dh7ita5.pdf

Submerged aquatic bryophyte flora in the upper and middle reaches of the Yahagi River, central Japan

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Invasion, dispersion, population persistence and ecological impacts of a freshwater mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) in the Honshu Island of Japan

Submerged aquatic bryophyte flora in the upper and middle reaches of the Yahagi River, central Japan