Abstract Food security remains a pressing concern in the face of an increasing world population and environmental challenges. As climate change, biodiversity loss, and water scarcity continue to impact agricultural productivity, traditional livestock farming faces limitations in meeting the growing global demand for meat and dairy products. In this context, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have emerged as a promising alternative for sustainable food production. BSFL possess several advantages over conventional livestock, including their rapid growth, adaptability to various organic waste substrates, and low environmental impact. Their bioconversion rate, the ability to transform organic waste into valuable products, and final product optimization are key factors that enhance their potential as a nutrient-rich protein source, fertilizer, and biofuel. This review explores strategies to enhance the bioconversion rate and improve the end products derived from BSF treatment. It highlights the benefits of using BSFL over other interventions and underscores the significance of optimizing their bioconversion rate to meet the challenges of global food security sustainably. Despite the promising prospects of BSF-derived products, consumer acceptance and regulatory hurdles remain critical aspects to address in realizing their full market potential. The utilization of BSFL as a sustainable source of food and feed can contribute to waste management, reduce environmental pollution, and address the pressing issue of food security in an environmentally responsible manner. However, there is a need for further research and innovation to ensure the safety, quality, and economic viability of BSF-based products for both animal and human consumption. 

Enhancing the bioconversion rate and end products of black soldier fly (BSF) treatment – A comprehensive review

Bioconversion of organic waste by insects – A comprehensive review

Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens [L.], Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae (BSFL) production from food waste is gaining interest. Food waste, a heterogeneous mix of agro-food and catering leftovers serves as a challenging feedstock for BSF growth due to its varying nutrient composition. BSF, are classified as polyphagous insects with a digestive system featuring midgut for digestion and nutrient absorption. The conversion of food waste by BSFL is heavily influenced by Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Morganella, Providencia, and Scrofimicrobium, which play a vital role in substrate utilization. These microbes determine growth patterns, longevity, oviposition, and egg hatchability, which are intricately tied to the sugar and protein content of their dietary substrates. Pre-treatment techniques including hydrothermal treatment, ionization, pulse electric field discharge, and microbial treatment showed better efficiency in improving the wet waste biomass surface area and waste recovery ratio. In terms of environmental sustainability, a life cycle assessment (LCA) of food waste to BSF conversion facility yields a low global warming potential (GWP) score of 17.36 kg CO2 per ton of functional unit with a significant environmental impact during pre-treatment of food waste at a mass-rearing of BSFL. Therefore, this review emphasizes the digestive system, and gut microbiota of BSFL, with food waste-nutrient utilization by the BSFL. Environmentally promising steps involved in the valorization of food waste resources were evaluated in detail. This review also covers the international regulations involved in food waste fed BSFL, and techno-economic assessment to optimize its valuable nutrients for the new economy in waste management with less environmental footprint. 

Food waste-derived black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larval resource recovery: A circular bioeconomy approach

This paper aimed to investigate the Asian’s willingness to use black soldier fly larvae for organic waste management and livestock feed. A random sampling method was adopted based on waste generation and substrate availability. In addition, it contributes to filling gaps in research into public acceptance, social perception, and Attitude toward BSFL-based organic waste management. It has been found that different subgroups in different countries have inconsistent attitudes toward using BSFL technology. Stack group in Afghanistan (3.94 ± 0.90), Pakistan (4.45 ± 0.61), China (4.48 ± 0.54) highly agree, and Bangladesh (3.21 ± 0.57) agree, but the other groups are not sure or show different perceptions. The results of our study indicate that BSFL is a more acceptable feed supplement than conventional food; participants rated their willingness to blend 500 grams of BSFL with conventional feed and preferred to feed livestock, dogs, fish, birds, and cats. It is established that most of the respondents were familiar with the BSFL technology, namely in China (3.58 ± 0.87), Bangladesh (3.55 ± 0.8), Pakistan (3.24 ± 0.82), Afghanistan (2.63 ± 0.5). The waste group with the mean value from Afghanistan (2.87 ± 0.76), Bangladesh (2.74 ± 1.41), China (2.76 ± 1.12), and Pakistan (2.78 ± 1.28). Finally, the article shows a direct relationship between public acceptance of BSFL for waste management and subject erudition. 

Exploring Insect-based technology for waste management and livestock feeding in selected south and east asian countries

This study examines the optimum conversion of Wuzhishan pig manure by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) at various phases of development, as well as the impact of gut microbiota on conversion efficiency.In terms of conversion efficiency, BSFL outperformed the growing pig stage (GP) group, with significantly higher survival rates (96.75%), fresh weight (0.23 g), and larval conversion rate (19.96%) compared to the other groups. Notably, the GP group showed significant dry matter reductions (43.27%) and improved feed conversion rates (2.17). Nutritional composition varied, with the GP group having a lower organic carbon content. High throughput 16S rRNA sequencing revealed unique profiles, with the GP group exhibiting an excess of Lactobacillus and Clostridium. Promising cellulose-degrading bacteria in pig manure and BSFL intestines, including Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis, showed superior cellulose degradation capabilities. The synergy of these thermophilic bacteria with BSFL greatly increased conversion efficiency. The BSFL1-10 group demonstrated high growth and conversion efficiency under specific conditions, with remarkable larval moisture content (71.11%), residual moisture content (63.20%), and waste reduction rate (42.28%).This study sheds light on the optimal stages for BSFL conversion of pig manure, gut microbiota dynamics, promising thermophilic cellulose-degrading bacteria, and the significant enhancement of efficiency through synergistic interactions. These findings hold great potential for sustainable waste management and efficient biomass conversion, contributing to environmental preservation and resource recovery.

Synergistic bioconversion of organic waste by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae and thermophilic cellulose-degrading bacteria

Simple Summary The worldwide waste problem has large environmental impacts and huge efforts have been made to mitigate this problem. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) were proposed as an efficient way to get rid of organic waste, acting by converting the waste into a protein- and lipid-rich biomass suitable for various purposes such as animal feed, biodiesel and chitin. This article studies larval growth and development and waste reduction and conversion indexes of BSFL when reared on six different waste streams and a control substrate (chicken feed): pig manure slurry mixed with roadside silage grass, the organic wet fraction of municipal household waste, secondary sludge from slaughter waste, fast food waste, mushroom stems and pig manure solids. In addition, the larval fatty acid profile and the chemical composition of the frass were also analyzed. The larval growth as well as the waste reduction index and the efficiency of conversion of ingested substrate were highest in the fast food waste (FFW) substrate. The larvae reared on FFW had high fat content and produced fat-rich frass with high dry matter content. Slaughter waste, pig manure and mushroom stems also showed good potential for bioconversion and led to protein-rich larvae. Abstract Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are considered a commercially viable solution for global organic waste problems. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of rearing BSFL on a wide range of low-value waste streams and its potential to transform them into high-quality animal feed and fertilizer. Six waste streams of different origins were selected and each tested in triplicate. Several parameters were analysed: growth performance, waste reduction index (WRI), conversion efficiency (ECI) and larval composition. Frass composition was also analysed. Larvae reared on fast food waste (FFW) had the highest ECI and WRI and the lowest values when reared on pig manure slurry mixed with silage grass (PMLSG) and slaughter waste (SW). The highest protein content was found for larvae reared on mushroom stems (MS) although this substrate had the lowest protein content. Moreover, the frass nutritional profile was proportionally related to the substrate’s nutritional profile: the protein-rich substrate (SW) resulted in protein-rich frass and the low-protein substrate (MS) resulted in protein-poor frass. The same was true for the lipid content. In conclusion, this study showed that BSFL can be successfully reared on a wide range of waste streams that can affect the larval and frass chemical compositions.

/pdf/bioconversion-of-different-waste-streams-of-animal-and-69mlm1ne.pdf

Bioconversion of Different Waste Streams of Animal and Vegetal Origin and Manure by Black Soldier Fly Larvae Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

Insect meals in a circular economy and applications in monogastric diets

Insect slurry as a wet local feedingredient for poultry in Nigeria : Pilot production, nutritional composition and economic feasibility report

Partial or complete replacement of soybean meal with black soldier fly larvae meal improves feed efficiency in laying hens between 22 to 30 weeks of age

Review of relevant food and feed safety laws governing the use of insects as animal feed or human food in Serbia and Türkiye

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