Tremendous progress in the inseparable relationships between probiotics and human health has enabled advances in probiotic functional foods. To ensure the vitality of sensitive probiotics against multiple harsh conditions, rising food-grade delivery systems for probiotics have been developed. This review gives a summary of recently reported delivery vehicles for probiotics, analyzes their respective merits and drawbacks and makes comparisons among them. Subsequently, the applications and future prospects are discussed. According to the types of encapsulating probiotics, food-grade delivery systems for probiotics can be classified into "silkworm cocoons" and "spider webs", which are put forward in this paper. The former, which surrounds the inner probiotics with the outer protective layers, includes particles, emulsions, beads, hybrid electrospun nanofibers and microcapsules. While hydrogels and bigels belong to the latter, which protects probiotics with the aid of network structures. The future prospects include preferable viability and stability of probiotics, co-delivery systems, targeted gut release of probiotics, delivery of multiple strains, more scientific experimental verification and more diversified food products, which will enlighten further studies on delivering probiotics for human health. Taken together, delivery vehicles for probiotics are-or will soon be-in the field of food science, with further applications under development.

Latest developments in food-grade delivery systems for probiotics: A systematic review.

The effects of digested microalgae biomass of Chlorella vulgaris, Desmodesmus maximus, Chlorococcum sp. cf hypnosporum, and Spirulina platensis or fructooligosaccharides on human colonic microbiota during in vitro fermentation (48 h) were evaluated. Fructooligosaccharides and digested microalgae biomass increased Lactobacillus-Enterococcus and Bifidobacterium relative abundances and decreased Prevotellaceae-Bacteroidaceae, Clostridium histolyticum, and Eubacterium rectale-Clostridium coccoides. The digested microalgae biomass s showed a higher prebiotic index than fructooligosaccharides, evidenced through the higher selective stimulation of beneficial microorganisms and inhibition of undesirable bacteria on colonic microbiota. S. platensis biomass contained nystose, raffinose, and phenolics, increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus-Enterococcus and Bifidobacterium, and decreased Eubacterium rectale-Clostridium coccoides, Clostridium histolyticum, and Prevotellaceae-Bacteroidaceae. After 24 h of incubation, the medium fermented with S. platensis promoted an increase in the concentration of acetic and propionic acids. D. maximus biomass showed higher insoluble fibers and kestose, the greatest Lactobacillus-Enterococcus relative abundance, and increases in the butyric and propionic acids after 48 h. C. vulgaris biomass showed the highest glucose and fructose concentrations, some phenolics, and the highest Bifidobacterium relative abundance after 48 h.

Freshwater microalgae biomasses exert a prebiotic effect on human colonic microbiota

Sophora japonica flowers and their main phytochemical, rutin, regulate chemically induced murine colitis in association with targeting the NF-κB signaling pathway and gut microbiota.

Butylated starch alleviates polycystic ovary syndrome by stimulating the secretion of peptide tyrosine-tyrosine and regulating faecal microbiota.

Paludibacter propionicigenes GH10 xylanase as a tool for enzymatic xylooligosaccharides production from heteroxylans.

Microorganisms colonize the human gastrointestinal tract. These microbes may vary depending upon age, food habits, and health conditions. Uses of probiotics and probiotic-containing foods are increasing with our understanding towards the beneficial associations of gut colonizing microbes and the human body. Numerous fermented products and dietary supplements contain beneficial probiotic microbial strains. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are the most common genera, which have been used as commercial probiotics. This review highlights recent progress related to the application of Bifidobacterium probiotic strains, their biofunctional attributes, safety evaluation, antibiotic resistance and the possibility to transfer antimicrobial resistance genes to other gut colonizing microbes. Further, few recently developed encapsulation methods to enhance the survivability of Bifidobacterium based probiotic formulations have also been discussed.

Recent developments in probiotics: An emphasis on Bifidobacterium

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Recent developments in probiotics: An emphasis on Bifidobacterium