In up to 50% of cases, infertility issues stem solely from the male. According to some data, the quality of human semen has deteriorated by 50%–60% over the last 40 years. A high-fat diet and obesity, resulting from an unhealthy lifestyle, affects the structure of spermatozoa, but also the development of offspring and their health in later stages of life. In obese individuals, disorders on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis are observed, as well as elevated oestrogen levels with a simultaneous decrease in testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. Healthy dietary models clearly correlate with better sperm quality and a smaller risk of abnormalities in parameters such as sperm count, sperm concentration and motility, and lower sperm DNA fragmentation. Apart from mineral components such as zinc and selenium, the role of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidant vitamins should be emphasized, since their action will be primarily based on the minimization of oxidative stress and the inflammation process. Additionally, the incorporation of carnitine supplements and coenzyme Q10 in therapeutic interventions also seems promising. Therefore, it is advisable to have a varied and balanced diet based on vegetables and fruit, fish and seafood, nuts, seeds, whole-grain products, poultry, and low-fat dairy products.

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/5/1400/pdf

Diet and Nutritional Factors in Male (In)fertility-Underestimated Factors.

Cellular response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) includes both reversible redox signaling and irreversible nonenzymatic reactions which depend on the nature and concentration of the ROS involved. Changes in thiol/disulfide pairs affect protein conformation, enzymatic activity, ligand binding, and protein-protein interactions. During spermatogenesis and epididymal maturation, there are ROS-dependent modifications of the sperm chromatin and flagellar proteins.The spermatozoon is regulated by redox mechanisms to acquire fertilizing ability. For this purpose, controlled amounts of ROS are necessary to assure sperm activation (motility and capacitation). Modifications of the thiol groups redox status of sperm proteins are needed for spermatozoon to achieve fertilizing ability. However, when ROS are produced at high concentrations, the established oxidative stress promotes pathological changes affecting sperm function and leading to infertility. Sperm proteins are sensitive to high levels of ROS and suffer modifications that impact on motility, capacitation, and the ability of the spermatozoon to recognize and bind to the zona pellucida and damage of sperm DNA. Thiol oxidation, tyrosine nitration, and S-glutathionylation are highlighted in this review as significant redox-dependent protein modifications associated with impairment of sperm function and alteration of paternal genome leading to infertility. Peroxiredoxins, the primary antioxidant protection in spermatozoa, are affected by most of the protein modifications described in this review. They play a significant role in both physiological and pathological processes in mammalian spermatozoa.

Reactive oxygen species and protein modifications in spermatozoa.

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emitting from the natural environment, as well as from the use of industrial and everyday appliances, constantly influence the human body. The effect of this type of energy on living tissues may exert various effects on their functioning, although the mechanisms conditioning this phenomenon have not been fully explained. It may be expected that the interactions between electromagnetic radiation and the living organism would depend on the amount and parameters of the transmitted energy and type of tissue exposed. Electromagnetic waves exert an influence on human reproduction by affecting the male and female reproductive systems, the developing embryo, and subsequently, the foetus. Knowledge concerning this problem is still being expanded; however, all the conditionings of human reproduction still remain unknown. The study presents the current state of knowledge concerning the problem, based on the latest scientific reports.

http://www.aaem.pl/pdf-72600-9829?filename=Effect of electromagnetic.pdf

Effect of electromagnetic waves on human reproduction.

ObjectiveFertility may be defined as a capacity to conceive and produce offspring. Infertility is characterized by failure to establish a clinical pregnancy after 12 months of regular and unprotect...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0300060520932403

Psychological aspects of infertility. A systematic review.

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in follicular fluid from women experiencing infertility in Australia.

Epidemiological data indicate that infertility is a problem of global proportions, affecting one- fifth of couples trying to conceive worldwide (60-80 mln). According to the trends observed, the problem is predicted to increase by another two million cases annually. In Poland, infertility-related issues are found in about 19% of couples, including 4% with infertility and 15% with limited fertility. Inability to conceive occurs equally in men and women (50%), irrespective of the direct cause. Although it is generally thought that reproductive issues concern women, infertility affects men and women equally. This study is an attempted to systematize knowledge about the role of the male factor in infertility, particularly current knowledge concerning the environmental factors of infertility. For this purpose, the Medline and CINAHL databases and the Cochrane Library was searched for articles published in English during the last 10 years, using the following keywords: infertility, male factor, semen examination and environmental factor of infertility.

/pdf/infertility-in-the-light-of-new-scientific-reports-focus-on-3ahta9lmfc.pdf

Infertility in the light of new scientific reports - focus on male factor.

The occupational activity of women has become a common phenomenon in the majority of developed countries, where approximately 50% of women at reproductive age are occupationally active. This phenomenon has also been observed in Poland. In the occupational environment many factors may exert an unfavourable effect on the health of the mother and developing foetus. These factors are: passive smoking at the workplace, heavy physical work, working for over 42 hours a week, as well as exposure to various types of chemical substances, electromagnetic waves or radioactive radiation. These factors may considerably increase the risk of occurrence of premature birth or delivery of a baby with reduced birth weight in relation to the gestational age, and may also cause abnormal foetal development. The objective of the study was determination of the effect of occupational activity in pregnancy on the wellbeing of the newborn. The study was carried out from 15 January 2011 – 20 March 2011, at the John Paul II Regional Hospital in Zamośc, Poland, using a diagnostic survey. The survey covered 100 mothers who had been occupationally active in pregnancy. The technique applied was a questionnaire form based on the 5‑point Liket scale, which consisted of 39 items. Apart from socio‑demographic data, the questions covered obstetric‑gynaecological history, state of health, life style, course of the last pregnancy, and working conditions. The results confirmed that prolonging the weekly working time by more than 42 hours is conducive for the occurrence of low birth weight of babies, also, passive nicotinism at the workplace may negatively affect newborns’ birth weight. The presence of more than one harmful factor at the workplace results in a slight shortening of pregnancy duration. The scope of problems concerning hazards at the workplace during pregnancy requires further studies on large groups of mothers.

http://www.jpccr.eu/pdf-71421-8653?filename=Evaluation of effect of.pdf

Evaluation of effect of selected occupational factors on termination of pregnancy and state of the newborn

W warunkach polskich 4,3 mln mê¿czyzn jest w grupie wiekowej powy¿ej 50. roku ¿ycia. Wraz z wejœciem w okres andropauzy stan ich zdrowia ulega gwa3townemu pogorszeniu, co przejawia siê w subiektywnym odczuciu, jak i w postaci obiektywnego obni¿enia niektórych wyk3adników dobrostanu organizmu. Niezwykle istotnym problemem medycyny staje siê pomoc mê¿czyŸnie w okresie andropauzy. Celem pracy by3o wyjaœnienie czy hormonalna terapia zastêpcza oprócz realnego uzupe3nienia niedoboru mêskich hormonów, przynosi tak¿e poprawê samopoczucia pacjenta, a co za tym idzie podwy¿szenie jakoœci ¿ycia poprzez analizê wskaŸników o charakterze subiektywnym. Badanie przeprowadzono przy pomocy kwestionariusza ankiety wœród 38 mê¿czyzn w wieku od 45 do 65 lat z objawami andropauzy, przebywaj1cych pod opiek1 poradni przyklinicznej w Klinice Rozrodczoœci i Andrologii AM w Lublinie w 2000 i 2001 roku. Grupê badan1 stanowi3o 20 losowo wybranych mê¿czyzn, którzy przyjmowali jeden z preparatów pochodnych testosteronu przez 18 mies. Grupê kontroln1 stanowi3o 18 mê¿czyzn nieprzyjmuj1cych hormonalnej terapii zastêpczej. Stwierdzono, ¿e mê¿czyŸni przyjmuj1cy hormonaln1 terapiê zastêpcz1 w postaci pochodnych testosteronu lepiej oceniaj1 swój stan zdrowia w porównaniu z osobami niepoddanymi terapii. Wykazano, i¿ samoocena stanu zdrowia ma zwi1zek z wykszta3ceniem mê¿czyzn.

/pdf/evaluation-of-influence-of-male-hormonal-therapy-on-self-1pfqt9d7do.pdf

Evaluation of influence of male hormonal therapy on self estimation of patients health condition

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Infertility in the light of new scientific reports - focus on male factor.

Evaluation of effect of selected occupational factors on termination of pregnancy and state of the newborn

Evaluation of influence of male hormonal therapy on self estimation of patients health condition