An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte Monitoring Device And Methods Of Use

A small diameter flexible electrode designed for subcutaneous in vivo amperometric monitoring of glucose is described. The electrode is designed to allow “one-point” in vivo calibration, i.e., to have zero output current at zero glucose concentration, even in the presence of other electroreactive species of serum or blood. The electrode is preferably three or four-layered, with the layers serially deposited within a recess upon the tip of a polyamide insulated gold wire. A first glucose concentration-to-current transducing layer is overcoated with an electrically insulating and glucose flux limiting layer (second layer) on which, optionally, an immobilized interference-eliminating horseradish peroxidase based film is deposited (third layer). An outer (fourth) layer is biocompatible.

Subcutaneous glucose electrode

An electrochemical analyte sensor formed using conductive traces on a substrate can be used for determining and/or monitoring a level of analyte in in vitro or in vivo analyte-containing fluids. For example, an implantable sensor may be used for the continuous or automatic monitoring of a level of an analyte, such as glucose, lactate, or oxygen, in a patient. The electrochemical analyte sensor includes a substrate and conductive material disposed on the substrate, the conductive material forming a working electrode. In some sensors, the conductive material is disposed in recessed channels formed in a surface of the sensor. An electron transfer agent and/or catalyst may be provided to facilitate the electrolysis of the analyte or of a second compound whose level depends on the level of the analyte. A potential is formed between the working electrode and a reference electrode or counter/reference electrode and the resulting current is a function of the concentration of the analyte in the body fluid.

Electrochemical analyte sensor

A measurement module for glucose testing includes a glucose testing measurement module housing, a test strip receptacle formed in the housing, and a connector portion formed in the housing and shaped to permit mechanical removable attachment of the housing to a hand-held computer. Electronics determine the amount of glucose present in a sample of body fluid, when the test strip is positioned in the receptacle and the body fluid is placed on a test strip, and communicate the glucose amount to the hand-held computer via the connector portion.

Blood glucose tracking apparatus and methods

Methods and systems for providing data communication in medical systems are disclosed including a data communication unit to transmit one or more signals related to the monitored analyte level received from the analyte sensor to a remote device.

Analyte monitoring system and methods

A method and associated circuitry for acquiring a channel of a set of frequency channels by a radio receiver. The radio receiver scans selected control channels and measures the power levels of signals generated upon the respective ones of the control channels and stores values. An attempt to effectuate a communication link with a transmitter which transmits a data signal upon one of the control channels is only attempted if the measured power level on such control channel increases beyond a certain amount. The tuning frequency of the tuning circuitry can be retuned when the tuning circuitry is initially tuned to receive a communication signal transmitted by a transmitter of a less-than-most desired network of transmitters according to a second embodiment.

Method and circuit for acquisition by a radio receiver

An error detector circuit (300) for a discrete receiver indicates bad frames of binary information signals which contain distorted bits of data in numbers so great as to prevent a convolutional decoder (738) from generating, accurately, a decoded signal. A variable threshold generator (440) generates a variable threshold level according to the signal quality estimate for the received signal. When bit errors are detected in numbers beyond the variable threshold or when a first preselected value of the signal quality of a received signal combined with the detected number of bit errors forms a signal beyond a second preselected value, a bad frame is indicated.

Error detector circuit for digital receiver using variable threshold based on signal quality

An error detection system for discrete receiver. The error detection system indicates bad frames of binary information signal which contain distorted bits in excessive numbers so great as to cause a convolutional decoder to generate an incorrect, decoded signal. A signal decoded by a convolutional decoder (512) is re-encoded by an encoder (524), and the re-encoded signal (530) is compared with the signal received (506) by the receiver. When excessive numbers of re-encoded signal portions differ too greatly with corresponding portions of an actual, received signal, a bad frame indication is generated (590).

Error detection system

The synchronization process of the present invention filters the received signal with an adaptive band-pass filter (101) while buffering the received signal in memory (108). The energies of the input signal and the filtered signal are estimated (103 and 104) and the gain of the filter is adapted (105) based on the difference between the energies. The pole of the filter is adapted (102) to center the frequency of the input signal in the filter's pass-band. If a tone is detected (106), the length of the tone is determined (107) to ascertain if it is a frequency correction burst (FCB). If the tone detected is an FCB, the signal in the memory is also the FCB that is then filtered in the band-pass filter (101) and the difference between the frequency of this signal and 67.5 kHz is determined (109). This difference represents the frequency offset between the base station carrier frequency and that of the mobile radiotelephone, and can be fed into the local oscillating means to compensate for the frequency offset. The boundaries of the FCB establish the time slot alignment of the TDMA structure being received from the base station.

Frequency and time slot synchronization using adaptive filtering

A communications system includes multiple processors (14, 16) and a protocol timer (18). The protocol timer (18) controls the timing of events in the communications system and operates autonomously after it is loaded with initial instructions by one of the multiple processors (14, 16). The protocol timer (18) utilizes a frame event table (50) and a macro event table (46, 48) to trigger events and to generate interrupts of the multiple processors (14, 16). By allowing the protocol timer (18) to operate autonomously, the processors (14, 16) are relieved of timing control, and can be powered down when not in use, thus reducing power consumption of the communications system. Also, by using the protocol timer (18) to control the timing of events, software related errors and interrupt latencies are reduced.

Data processing system having a protocol timer for autonomously providing time based interrupts

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