Molecular self-assembly is the spontaneous association of molecules under equilibrium conditions into stable, structurally well-defined aggregates joined by noncovalent bonds. Molecular self-assembly is ubiquitous in biological systems and underlies the formation of a wide variety of complex biological structures. Understanding self-assembly and the associated noncovalent interactions that connect complementary interacting molecular surfaces in biological aggregates is a central concern in structural biochemistry. Self-assembly is also emerging as a new strategy in chemical synthesis, with the potential of generating nonbiological structures with dimensions of 1 to 10(2) nanometers (with molecular weights of 10(4) to 10(10) daltons). Structures in the upper part of this range of sizes are presently inaccessible through chemical synthesis, and the ability to prepare them would open a route to structures comparable in size (and perhaps complementary in function) to those that can be prepared by microlithography and other techniques of microfabrication.

Molecular self-assembly and nanochemistry: A chemical strategy for the synthesis of nanostructures

In this review we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of the work of supramolecular hydrogelators after 2004 and to put emphasis particularly on the applications of supramolecular hydrogels/hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials. After a brief introduction of methods for generating supramolecular hydrogels, we discuss supramolecular hydrogelators on the basis of their categories, such as small organic molecules, coordination complexes, peptides, nucleobases, and saccharides. Following molecular design, we focus on various potential applications of supramolecular hydrogels as molecular biomaterials, classified by their applications in cell cultures, tissue engineering, cell behavior, imaging, and unique applications of hydrogelators. Particularly, we discuss the applications of supramolecular hydrogelators after they form supramolecular assemblies but prior to reaching the critical gelation concentration because this subject is less explored but may hold equally great promise for helping ...

Supramolecular Hydrogelators and Hydrogels: From Soft Matter to Molecular Biomaterials

Low molecular weight supramolecular gels consist of small molecules (gelators) that in an appropriate solvent self-assemble into nano- or micro-scale network structures resulting in the formation of a gel. Most supramolecular gels consist of two parts, namely the solvent and the gelator. However, the concept of multi-component supramolecular gels, in which more than one compound is added to the solvent, offers a facile way (e.g. by changing the ratio of the different components) to tailor the properties of the gel. The simplest multi-component gels consist of two components added to the solvent and are the most widely studied to date. There are three general classes of such multi-component gels that have been investigated. The first class requires all the added components to access the gel; that is, no component forms a gel on its own. A second class uses two (or more) gelators which can either co-assemble or self-sort into distinct assemblies and the final class consists of one (or more) gelator and one (or more) non-gelling additive which can impact the assembly process of the gelator and therefore the gel's properties.

Supramolecular gels formed from multi-component low molecular weight species

Chiral separations: fundamental review 2010.

Self-assembly of surfactants: An overview on general aspects of amphiphiles.

Surface activity and aggregation behavior of an amino acid-based zwitterionic amphiphile N-(2-hydroxydodecyl)-L-valine were studied in aqueous solutions (pH 13). The self-assembly formation was investigated by use of a number of techniques including surface tension, conductivity, viscosity, fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. The amphiphile exhibits two breaks in the surface tension vs concentration plot indicating stepwise aggregate formation and thus results in two values of critical aggregation concentration. The amphiphile was found to be very surface active compared to fatty acid soaps. The average hydrodynamic diameter and size distribution of the aggregates were obtained from DLS measurements. Conductivity measurements suggested formation of vesicles or closed tubules. TEM pictures revealed the existence of spherical vesicles, separated tubules, and tubules with multiple Y-type junctions in going from dilute to moderately concentrated solution. However, in concentrated solution, the junctions break to form separate tubular structures which upon further increase of concentration are converted to rod-like micelles. The mechanism of branched tubule formation is discussed in light of the experimental observations.

Physicochemical Characterization and Tube-like Structure Formation of a Novel Amino Acid-Based Zwitterionic Amphiphile N-(2-Hydroxydodecyl)-L-valine in Water

Concentration and pH-dependent aggregation behavior of an l-histidine based amphiphile in aqueous solution

Chiral Separations by Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography

The chiral selectivity of a novel amphiphile, N-(2-hydroxydodecyl)-L-threonine (2-HDT), was evaluated for enantiomeric resolution of three binaphthyl derivatives (±)−1,1′-bi-2-naphthol, (±)−1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diamine, and (±)−1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diylhdrogen phosphate (BNP) by micellar EKC. The effects of three organic modifiers, methanol, isopropanol, and acetonitrile, on the separations of enantiomers of these compounds were investigated. Separation of enantiomers could be achieved in relatively dilute solutions of the pure surfactant. However, best separations of enantiomers were obtained only in the presence of 10% v/v acetonitrile. Enantiomeric impurity in nonracemic mixtures of R- and S-forms of BNP was determined.

Enantiomeric separations of binaphthyl derivatives by capillary electrophoresis using N-(2-hydroxydodecyl)-L-threonine as chiral selector: effect of organic additives.

In India, COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease-2019) continues to this day, although with subdued intensity, following two major waves of viral infection. Despite ongoing vaccination drives to curb the spread of COVID-19, the relative potential of the administered vaccines to render immune protection to the general population and their advantage over natural infection remain undocumented. In this study, we examined the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by the two vaccines Covishield and Covaxin, in individuals living in and around Kolkata, India. We also compared the immune responses induced separately by vaccination and natural infection. Our results indicate that although Covishield generates a better humoral immune response toward SARS-CoV-2, both vaccines are almost equivalent in terms of cell-mediated immune response to the virus. Both Covishield and Covaxin, however, are more effective toward the wild-type virus than the Delta variant. Additionally, the overall immune response resulting from natural infection in and around Kolkata is not only similar to that generated by vaccination but the cell-mediated immune response to SARS-CoV-2 also lasts for at least ten months in some individuals after the viral infection.

Immune Response to COVID-19 in India through Vaccination and Natural Infection

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