In this paper, the transmission of signals in a hybrid satellite-terrestrial link is considered. In particular, we address the problem of amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying in a hybrid satellite-terrestrial link, where a masked destination node receives the relayed transmission from a terrestrial link and direct transmission from the satellite link. The satellite-relay and satellite-destination links are assumed to follow the Shadowed-Rician fading; and the channel of the terrestrial link between the relay and destination is assumed to follow the Nakagami-m fading. The average symbol error rate of the considered AF cooperative scheme for M-ary phase shift keying constellation is derived for these generalized fading channels. Moreover, analytical diversity order of the hybrid system is also obtained.

Performance Analysis of AF Based Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Cooperative Network over Generalized Fading Channels

A dual-hop amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying scheme over shadowed Rician fading channels is investigated. Specifically, the source and destination nodes are equipped with $N$ and $M$ antennas, respectively, whereas the relay is equipped with a single antenna. Communication via satellite relaying represents a direct application of the considered infrastructure. To this end, we study the scenario when the source and the destination are terrestrial nodes, whereas the end-to-end communication is established through an intermediate AF relay node, which is a satellite. To fully exploit the spatial diversity provided by multiple antennas, maximum ratio transmission and maximum ratio combining are implemented at the source and the destination, respectively. First, a new closed-form expression for the probability density function (pdf) of the sum of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) squared shadowed Rician random variables is derived by assuming integer distribution parameters. Capitalizing on the latter pdf, new closed-form results for the cumulative distribution function (cdf) and the moment function of the end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are obtained. Particularly, the proposed unified analysis includes the channel-state-information (CSI)-assisted and the fixed-gain AF relaying protocols. New expressions for important performance measures, namely, the outage probability, the average symbol error probability (ASEP), and the ergodic capacity of the end-to-end SNR, are presented for both AF schemes. Moreover, some useful engineering insights are manifested, such as simplified asymptotic outage performance results, the diversity order, and the impact on the number of antennas at the source and the destination.

Dual-Hop Communication Over a Satellite Relay and Shadowed Rician Channels

The explosive growth of various services boosts the innovation and development in terrestrial communication systems for the implementation of the next generation mobile communication networks. However, simply utilizing limited resources in terrestrial communication networks is difficult to support the massive quality of service (QoS) aware requirements and it is hard to guarantee seamless coverage in far remote regions. Leveraging the intrinsic merits of high altitude and the ability of multicasting or broadcasting, satellite communication systems provide an opportunity for novel mobile communication networks with its tight interaction and complementary characteristics to traditional terrestrial networks. It is believed that the convergence of satellite and terrestrial networks can solve the problems existing in current mobile communication systems and make a profound effect on global information dissemination. In this paper, we make a comprehensive survey on the convergence of satellite and terrestrial networks. First, motivations and requirements of satellite-terrestrial network convergence are identified. Then, we summarize related architectures of existing literature, classify the taxonomy of researches on satellite-terrestrial networks, and present the performance evaluation works in different satellite-terrestrial networks. After that, the state-of-the-art of standardization, projects and the key application areas of satellite-terrestrial networks are also reviewed. Finally, we conclude the survey by highlighting the open issues and future directions.

/pdf/convergence-of-satellite-and-terrestrial-networks-a-4ps1k3ddt3.pdf

Convergence of Satellite and Terrestrial Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

Terrestrial communication networks mainly focus on users in urban areas but have poor coverage performance in harsh environments, such as mountains, deserts, and oceans. Satellites can be exploited to extend the coverage of terrestrial fifth-generation (5G) networks. However, satellites are restricted by their high latency and relatively low data rate. Consequently, the integration of terrestrial and satellite components has been widely studied, to take advantage of both sides and enable seamless broadband coverage. Due to the significant differences between satellite communications (SatComs) and terrestrial communications (TerComs) in terms of channel fading, transmission delay, mobility, and coverage performance, the establishment of an efficient hybrid satellite-terrestrial network (HSTN) still faces many challenges. In general, it is difficult to decompose a HSTN into a sum of separate satellite and terrestrial links due to the complicated coupling relationships therein. To uncover the complete picture of HSTNs, we regard the HSTN as a combination of basic cooperative models that contain the main traits of satellite-terrestrial integration but are much simpler and thus more tractable than the large-scale heterogeneous HSTNs. In particular, we present three basic cooperative models, i.e., model X, model L, and model V, and provide a survey of the state-of-the-art technologies for each of them. We discuss future research directions towards establishing a cell-free, hierarchical, decoupled HSTN. We also outline open issues to envision an agile, smart, and secure HSTN for the sixth-generation (6G) ubiquitous Internet of Things (IoT).

/pdf/5g-embraces-satellites-for-6g-ubiquitous-iot-basic-models-1hxxthf5o4.pdf

5G Embraces Satellites for 6G Ubiquitous IoT: Basic Models for Integrated Satellite Terrestrial Networks

In this paper, we propose a novel wireless scheme that integrates satellite, airborne, and terrestrial networks aiming to support ground users. More specifically, we study the enhancement of the achievable users’ throughput assisted with terrestrial base stations, high-altitude platforms (HAPs), and satellite stations. The goal is to optimize the resource allocations and the HAPs’ locations in order to maximize the users’ throughput. In this context, we formulate and solve an optimization problem in two stages: a short-term stage and a long-term stage. In the short-term stage, we start by proposing an approximated solution and a low complexity solution to solve the associations and power allocations. In the approximated solution, we formulate and solve a binary linear optimization problem to find the best associations and then we use the Taylor expansion approximation to optimally determine the power allocations. In the latter solution, we propose a low complexity approach based on a frequency partitioning technique to solve the associations and power allocations. On the other hand, in the long-term stage, we optimize the locations of the HAPs by proposing an efficient algorithm based on a recursive shrink-and-realign process. Finally, selected numerical results underline the advantages provided by our proposed optimization scheme.

/pdf/improvement-of-the-global-connectivity-using-integrated-j9jbqlfc9j.pdf

Improvement of the Global Connectivity Using Integrated Satellite-Airborne-Terrestrial Networks With Resource Optimization

In this paper, we evaluate the ergodic capacity analysis of a integrated satellite-terrestrial cooperative communication system under independent and non-identical shadowed Rician and Nakagami-m fading channels. Multiple cooperative relay nodes are assumed between satellite and the destination node. Amplify-and-forward (AF) cooperative protocol is used at each fixed relay node for signal amplification. While for signals combining at the destination node, the maximum ratio combining(MRC) technique is exploited. An analytical approach is derived to evaluate the performance of the system in terms of ergodic capacity. We derive the approximate closed-form expression for calculating the ergodic capacity of the proposed system. It is shown that the derived analytical expression is very tight and applicable to the general operating conditions with the help of satellite channel date available from the literature. The analytical results are compared with Monte Carlo simulations, and they seem to agree well.

https://ijcnis.org/index.php/ijcnis/article/viewFile/325/117

Integrated Satellite-Terrestrial System Capacity Over Mix Shadowed Rician and Nakagami Channels

This paper analyzes the performance of multi-hop cooperative satellite-terrestrial system through amplify-and-forward (AF) cooperative protocol. Independent and non identical channels are assumed between source and destination. The maximum ratio combining (MRC) technique is used at the destination to combine the signal received from the direct path and the relay paths. The performance of the proposed system is examined in term of outage probability. We derive closed form expressions for the joint probability density function (PDF) and the moment generating function (MGF) of bounded signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the relay paths. The MGF based approach is used to determine the outage probability. The proposed theoretical solution is compared with Monte Carlo simulations and they seem to agree well.

Outage probability analysis of multi-hop cooperative satellite-terrestrial network

In this study, the Symbol error rate (SER) performance of cooperative based downlink satellite system with single terrestrial relay is investigated by using amplify-and-forward cooperation protocol over non identical fading channels. A closed form expression of exact SER over non identical fading channels is derived for M-ary phase shift keying (M-PSK) and M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). We have derived an expression of joint probability density function (PDF) of the relay channels which is used to obtain the SER expression. Statistical results of Land Mobile Satellite Channel (LMSC) are applied through numerical analysis to obtain the SER of the proposed system. It is shown that high cooperation gain is achieved at high SNR.

SER analysis of cooperative satellite-terrestrial network over non identical fading channels

This paper focuses the performance of network-coded bidirectional relaying in OFDM networks The fading channels between the base station-relay and relay-mobile station follow Rician and Nakagami-m distributions respectively The outage probability expression is deduced for the non-identical-independent Rice-Nakagami-m fading channels Neuro-Fuzzy based relay selection algorithm is used to select the best relay for the source and destination pair The performance of the proposed network is compared with the traditional dual-hop network Simulation results show that the network coded dual-hop system improves the throughput and network life time compared to the traditional dual-hop network

Performance analysis of network coded bidirectional relaying in OFDM networks

In this paper, we investigate a hybrid satellite terrestrial system with multiple input and multiple output enabled fixed relay, which is more reliable than the conventional dual-hop multiple single input and single output relaying network. Providing a small number of antennas on a fixed relay is easier to undertake than setting up on a mobile terminal due to the size limitation. In this study, we consider the impact of cooperating fixed relay with multiple transmitting and receiving antennas on the hybrid satellite-terrestrial system. Amplify-and-forward cooperative protocol is used at the relay node while for signal combining at the relay node, maximum ratio combining and maximum ratio transmission techniques are used. Independent and non-identically distributed fading channels, shadowed Rician, and Nakagami-$$m$$m, are assumed between the source-relay and relay-destination links respectively. An analytical approach is derived to evaluate the performance of the system in terms of outage probability, symbol error rate (SER) and ergodic capacity. The closed form expressions for the probability density function, cumulative distribution function, moment generating function, average SER of the total end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio are derived. We further derive the approximate closed form expression of ergodic capacity. These derived analytical expressions are applied to the general operating conditions together with available satellite channel data of various degrees of shadowing. The analytical results are compared with Monte Carlo simulations. The results show the improvement in the performance of the hybrid satellite-terrestrial system under various antenna arrangements at the relay node.

Impact of MIMO enabled relay on the performance of a hybrid satellite-terrestrial system

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