The employment of blockchain technology in electronic voting (e-voting) systems is attracting significant attention due to its ability to enhance transparency, security, and integrity in digital voting. This study presents an extensive review of the existing research on e-voting systems that rely on blockchain technology. The study investigates a range of key research concerns, including the benefits, challenges, and impacts of such systems, together with technologies and implementations, and an identification of future directions of research in this domain. We use a hybrid review approach, applying systematic literature review principles to select and categorize scientific papers and reviewing the technology used in these in terms of the above key concerns. In the 252 selected papers, aspects such as security, transparency, and decentralization are frequently emphasized as the main benefits. In contrast, although aspects like privacy, verifiability, efficiency, trustworthiness, and auditability receive significant attention, they are not the primary focus. We observed a relative lack of emphasis on aspects such as accessibility, compatibility, availability, and usability in the reviewed literature. These aspects, although acknowledged, are not as thoroughly discussed as the aforementioned key benefits in the proposed solutions for blockchain-based e-voting systems, whereas the considered studies have proposed well-structured solutions for blockchain-based e-voting systems focusing on how blockchain can strengthen security, transparency, and privacy, in particular, the crucial aspect of scalability needs attention.

Blockchain-Based E-Voting Systems: A Technology Review

Voting is arguably the most important as well as elementary right in democracy that has existed for the past hundreds of years; it has taken place in the context of a large- and small-scale community. The process transitioned from paper ballots to electronic voting machines (EVM) in the late 20th century, but even with all the advancement, transparency in the election process remained the same. Blockchain technology came in existence in 2008 with the introduction of Bitcoin by Satoshi Nakamoto, and in the last decade we saw enormous growth in development and execution of this technology in various fields e-voting is one of them, blockchain-based e-voting system has potential to improve the election process if utilized to its potential. Blockchain can eliminate the need to print ballot paper as it is secure, immutable and convenient to voters and can make elections more transparent.

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A Review Of E-Voting System Based on Blockchain Technology

In a country like India, resolution of any major issue or conflict primarily lies in the hands of the government. Given that India is one of the world's largest democracies, the voting system is one of the most essential phases, considering its limitations. The voting system is mostly based on a centralized system. As a result, there are many chances of risks like vote tampering, security, transparencies, DoS attacks and many more. Due to these problems, the population of the world, is not fully trusting the voting system. The motive is to overcome the abovementioned loopholes and provide the nation a better environment for a better government. The one solution came out to overcome this problem is a Blockchain Technology. Blockchain is a method of storing information in such a way that it is difficult or impossible to edit, hack, or trick the system. The Blockchain is a distributed ledger that can efficiently and verifiably record transactions between two parties. The Blockchain Technology is used to protect the data from theft and to prevent vote tampering. This paper presents the study and analysis of various blockchain-based voting mechanisms.

Blockchain-based E-Voting Technology: Opportunities and Challenges

Blockchain-based smart contracts are contracts that can be executed in whole or in part without human interaction. Nevertheless, all processes can be trusted by anyone associated with the contract platform. The purpose of this study was to discover the latest field of study related to smart contracts. This paper also offered a broad perspective on blockchain-based smart contract platforms. This review will help pinpoint gaps to be marked in future research. This research was conducted by extracting 134 digital library articles, namely IEEE, ACM, Scopus, and Springer. After a detailed review, the 47 publications deemed worthy were current, popular, and distinctive. The extraction results show that the platforms needed for trading transactions are smart contract platforms. This platform must have the characteristics of being fast (creating blocks), reliable, safe, stable, and user-friendly.

Systematic Literature Review of Blockchain based Smart Contracts Platforms

Voting is one of the most fundamental components of a democratic society. In 2021 Iraq held the Council of Representatives (CoR) elections in 83 electoral constituencies in 19 governorates. Nonetheless, several significant issues arose during this election, including the problem of logistics distribution, the excessively long period of ballot counting, voters can't know if their votes were counted or if their ballots were tampered with, and the inconsistent regulation of vote counting. Blockchain technology, which was just invented, may offer a solution to these problems. This paper introduces an electronic voting system for the Iraq Council of Representatives elections that is based on a prototype of the permission hyperledger fabric blockchain. An immutable, distributed ledger maintained by all members of a network is what blockchain technology is all about. By authenticating each voter, the system can prevent voting fraud by making votes traceable and verifiable, hence decreasing the chance of unlawful activities and fraudulent ballots. This work investigates the influence of E-voting, specifically the voting phase workload, on the performance of the hyperledger fabric blockchain platform in terms of latency and throughput by altering transaction send rates (tps), block size, and block timeout.

Iraqi Paradigm E-Voting System Based on Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain Platform

In the past, electronic voting systems have not seen widespread adoption due to data privacy concerns. Previously proposed e-voting systems make use of a central database to store data, resulting in the servers used to store these databases being a single point of failure. These systems have also been found to be vulnerable to DoS attacks, leading to concerns over their reliability.Blockchains have been used to build secure and scalable distributed systems which have shown several benefits over centralized systems. They have seen uses in sectors ranging from finance and healthcare to food and energy.In this paper, we present VoteChain, a blockchain based voting system to help bring transparency and security to polls. We report on our implementation of VoteChain, as well as the results obtained in testing the system in a real-world poll which prove that such a system can be used in practice for large-scale elections.

VoteChain: A Blockchain Based E-Voting System

Understanding climate change from the perspective of local communities can provide valuable insights into policy and strategy planning for the unprecedented consequences of climate change. A semi-structured questionnaire survey was carried out at 253 locations in the entire state of Uttarakhand that included three stakeholder groups, namely water resource managers, tribal communities, and local people. Qualitative and Quantitative methods were used to analyze the stakeholder responses about awareness, indicators, consequences, traditional practices, and adaptation strategies. Hypothesis testing using the Chi-Square (χ2) test at a 95% confidence level was performed to assess the climate change perceptions considering the stakeholder characteristics such as gender, income, landholding size, tribe, and residency period. The study deals with an innovative approach for validating the stakeholders' responses with geospatial datasets using common indicators such as precipitation, surface and sub-surface flow, and land use and land cover change (LULCC). The findings indicate that different stakeholder groups have different perceptions regarding the impact of climate change on natural resources, agriculture, and water. The results reveal that the stakeholders’ perceptions are concurrent with observed geospatial datasets. The study will help water resource managers and policy makers develop appropriate adaptation strategies based on indigenous and local knowledge to cope with climate change impacts. 

Study of stakeholders’ perceptions of climate change and its impact on mountain communities in central Himalaya, India

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VoteChain: A Blockchain Based E-Voting System

Study of stakeholders’ perceptions of climate change and its impact on mountain communities in central Himalaya, India