Fe–C microelectrolysis is an efficient wastewater treatment technology for biorefractory pollutants. However, the poor stability and complicated separation mechanism of microelectrolytic materials hinder their application in advanced oxidation processes. Thus, herein, catalytic Fe–C microelectrolysis granules (FeBCGs) were prepared using Fe powder and sawdust and were used as persulfate (PS) activators for bisphenol A (BPA) removal. The effects of the calcination temperature, Fe/sawdust mass ratio, FeBCG concentration, PS concentration, initial pH, and initial BPA concentration were investigated. Under optimal conditions ([FeBCG]0 = 0.5 g/L, [PS]0 = 1 mM, without pH adjustment), the BPA removal efficiency reached 100% within 20 min. The FeBCGs presented numerous functional groups and a porous structure, which are beneficial for PS activation and BPA removal. The BPA degradation mechanism was elucidated via radical capture experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, electrochemical analysis, density functional theory calculations, and high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, which revealed that SO4•−, •OH, O2•−, 1O2, and electron transfer contributed to BPA removal. Additionally, the ecotoxicity of the intermediates was evaluated. The FeBCGs exhibited high stability and resistance to inorganic anions and natural organic matter. These findings may provide guidelines for the design and development of integrated microelectrolysis materials coupled with advanced oxidation processes for water treatment. 

Efficient removal of bisphenol A by a novel biochar-based Fe/C granule via persulfate activation: Performance, mechanism, and toxicity assessment

Abstract Sludge biochar, a carbonized product of raw sludge, contains porous architectures that can act as epicenters for adsorbing external molecules through physical or chemical bonding. Sludge biochar also immobilizes innate micropollutants, which is advantageous over conventional sludge disposal methods. To date, numerous strategies have been discovered to improve sludge biochar morphology, but the influential factors, pore tuning mechanisms, and process feasibility remain imprecise. This knowledge gap limits our ability to design a robust sludge-based biochar. Herein, we present state-of-the-art sludge biochar synthesis methods with insight into structural and chemical transformation mechanisms. Roadblocks and novel concepts for improving sludge biochar porous architecture are highlighted. For the first time, sludge biochar properties, adsorption performances, and techno-economic perspectives were compared with commercial activated carbon (AC) to reveal the precise challenges in sludge biochar application. More importantly, sludge biochar role in carbon sequestration is detailed to demonstrate the environmental significance of this technology. Eventually, the review concludes with an overview of prospects and an outlook for developing sludge biochar-based research. Graphical Abstract 

Sludge-based biochar adsorbent: pore tuning mechanisms, challenges, and role in carbon sequestration

Synthesis of bentonite/SiO2/magnetite nanostructure as an efficient adsorbent for Bisphenol A removal from waters

Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting compound with estrogenic behavior, is of great concern within the scientific community due to its high production levels and increasing concentration in various surface aquifers. While several materials exhibit excellent capacity for the photocatalytic degradation of BPA, their powdered nature and poor chemical stability render them unsuitable for practical application in large-scale water decontamination. In this study, a new class of nanocomposite membranes based on sulfonated polyethersulfone (sPES) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes decorated with TiO2 nanoparticles (MWCNTs-TiO2) were investigated as efficient and scalable photocatalysts for the photodegradation of BPA in aqueous solutions. The MWCNTs-TiO2 hybrid material was prepared through a facile and inexpensive hydrothermal method and extensively characterized by XRD, Raman, FTIR, BET, and TGA. Meanwhile, nanocomposite membranes at different filler loadings were prepared by a simple casting procedure. Swelling tests and PFG NMR analyses provided insights into the impact of filler introduction on membrane hydrophilicity and water molecular dynamics, whereas the effectiveness of the various photocatalysts in BPA removal was monitored using HPLC. Among the different MWCNTs-TiO2 content nanocomposites, the one at 10 wt% loading (sP-MT10) showed the best photoactivity. Under UV irradiation at 254 nm and 365 nm for 240 min, photocatalytic oxidation of 5 mg/L bisphenol A by sP-MT10 resulted in 91% and 82% degradation, respectively. Both the effect of BPA concentration and the membrane regenerability were evaluated, revealing that the sP-MT10 maintained its maximum BPA removal capability over more than 10 cycles. Our findings indicate that sP-MT nanocomposite membranes are versatile, scalable, efficient, and highly reusable photocatalysts for the degradation of BPA, as well as potentially for other endocrine disruptors. 

MWCNTs Decorated with TiO2 as Highly Performing Filler in the Preparation of Nanocomposite Membranes for Scalable Photocatalytic Degradation of Bisphenol A in Water

A targeted review on occurrence, remediation, and risk assessments of bisphenol A in Africa

Endocrine disruptors have biological toxicity and can interfere with the endocrine system of organisms. They widely exist in natural water bodies. Here, the granular biochar was prepared from fermented sludge for the first time by using cationic polyacrylamide as template agent via a template-like method. The as prepared biochar was investigated for the removal of BPA in aqueous media by batch experiment and continuous flow experiment. The pyrolysis temperature and template concentration had a great influence on the properties of residual biochar and BPA capture. The static adsorption results show that when the template concentration was 1% with the pyrolysis temperature of 800 °C, the optimal biochar P-1%− 800 achieved the BPA adsorption value up to 84.78 mg/g. Its adsorption behavior, influencing factors, and recycling capability on BPA reduction were evaluated. Kinetics, isotherms and characterization analysis suggested that the adsorption mechanism involved pore filling, electrostatic attraction, π-π interactions and hydrogen bonding. Good regeneration performance, low concentration heavy metal leaching and lasting continuous flow stability in fixed-bed device under different water quality background demonstrated that fermented sludge-derived granular biochar P-1%− 800 is a desirable adsorbent for reducing BPA in complex water environment. 

Removal of bisphenol A (BPA) by fermented sludge-derived granular biochar from template-like method: from batch experiment to continuous operation

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Removal of bisphenol A (BPA) by fermented sludge-derived granular biochar from template-like method: from batch experiment to continuous operation