Recent development in electrocatalysts for hydrogen production through water electrolysis

Recent Progress of Vacancy Engineering for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Related Applications

Electrochemical splitting of water is an appealing solution for energy storage and conversion to overcome the reliance on depleting fossil fuel reserves and prevent severe deterioration of the global climate. Though there are several fuel cells, hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) fuel cells have zero carbon emissions, and water is the only by-product. Countless researchers worldwide are working on the fundamentals, i.e. the parameters affecting the electrocatalysis of water splitting and electrocatalysts that could improve the performance of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and overall simplify the water electrolysis process. Noble metals like platinum for HER and ruthenium and iridium for OER were used earlier; however, being expensive, there are more feasible options than employing these metals for all commercialization. The review discusses the recent developments in metal and metalloid HER and OER electrocatalysts from the s, p and d block elements. The evaluation perspectives for electrocatalysts of electrochemical water splitting are also highlighted.

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A comprehensive review on the electrochemical parameters and recent material development of electrochemical water splitting electrocatalysts

Water splitting performance of metal and non-metal-doped transition metal oxide electrocatalysts

Defect engineering in metal sulfides for energy conversion and storage

Ru-Doped CuO/MoS2 Nanostructures as Bifunctional Water-Splitting Electrocatalysts in Alkaline Media

Currently, transition metal disulfides are used as promising non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) from water splitting in quest for alternative renewable and clean energy sources In view of this, the present study reports the fabrication of N and P co-doped exfoliated tungsten disulphide (PNEWS2) as a superior electrocatalyst for HER The high performance of PNEWS2 imparts a significantly low potential (59 mV), which corresponds to a geometrical current density of 10 mA cm−2 and Tafel slope of 35 mV per decade This could be attributed to the presence of highly active sites in the exfoliated single-layered porous 1T-WS2 network and synergistic effect of N and P doping Furthermore, evaluation of durability tests suggested excellent stability of the PNEWS2 catalyst Our multifaceted strategy for the formation of a flake-like 1T (metallic) phase with expanded interlayer spacings in the PNEWS2 catalyst compared with that in WS2 results in an increase in S active edges and presence of sulphur vacancies, facilitating extremely high electrochemically active surface area (Cdl = 371 mF cm−2) and high turnover frequency (0791 s−1) Furthermore, the downshift in the d band, high lifetime (0239 ms) and low Gibbs free energy (−026 eV) of PNEWS2 account for its excellent mass transport properties We also established that the electrochemical performance of PNEWS2 is not associated with the dissolution/redeposition of platinum from the counter electrode (Pt) In summary, the superior performance of the nonprecious, promising N–P-co-doped WS2 provides an alternative substitute for Pt-based electrocatalysts

Sulphur edge and vacancy assisted nitrogen–phosphorus co-doped exfoliated tungsten disulfide: a superior electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction

Though investigations have been made on several metal chalcogenides in hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) and hydrogen oxidation reactions (HORs), antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) has not generated much attention. In this direction, the present work reports on the synthesis of N, Ru codoped pellet drum bundle-like antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) via a simple reflux method. Subsequent HER and HOR electrocatalytic investigations in 1 M KOH revealed their suitability as an efficient and inexpensive alternative to platinum, as is evident from the overpotential (72 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2), Tafel slope (193 mV/decade), exchange current density (1.42 mA/cm2), and breakdown potential at ∼0.6 V vs RHE, respectively. Such remarkable HER and HOR performance of N, Ru codoped Sb2S3 could be ascribed to the presence of relatively larger active sites compared to Sb2S3 and N-doped Sb2S3 individually due to synergistic effects arising from N and Ru dopants. Further, N, Ru codoped Sb2S3 demonstrated high intrinsic catalytic activity as indicated by its turnover frequency (2.03 s-1) and current loss, corresponding to 35% after 10 h of continuous amperometric i-t operation. Alternatively, such excellent catalytic performance of N, Ru codoped Sb2S3 arises due to geometric lattice defects with surface oxygen vacancy, and the availability of abundant edges and its pellet drum-like morphology also cannot be overruled.

N, Ru Codoped Pellet Drum Bundle-Like Sb2S3: An Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction Electrocatalyst in Alkaline Medium.

Nowadays, the production of hydrogen and oxygen focuses on renewable energy techniques and sustainable energy storage. A substantial challenge is to extend low-cost electrocatalysts consisting of earth-abundant resources, prepared by straightforward approaches that display high intrinsic activity compared to noble metals. The expansion of bifunctional catalysts in alkaline electrolytes for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has become very crucial in recent times. Herein, the recent progress in cobalt-based HER-OER electrocatalysts has been are brushed up and numerous bifunctional cobalt-based catalysts such as cobalt-oxides, phosphides, sulfides, selenides, nitrides, borides, carbides, perovskites, and MOF-based cobalt analogs have been investigated in detail. Specifically, much more attention has been paid to their structural variation, bifunctional activity, overpotential of the overall system, and stability. Cobalt-based catalysts with lower cell voltage, remarkable durability, and unique electronic structures, offer a new perspective in energy-related fields. In recent years, cobalt-based analogs with diagnostic facilities have been introduced due to their electronic structures, tunable d band structures, and tailorable active sites. This perspective also elucidates the present issues, promising ideas, and future forecasts for cobalt-based catalysts. The critical aspects of cobalt-based catalysts and the numerous opportunities, as discussed at the end, can possibly enrich the sustainable energy field.

Cobalt-based heterogeneous catalysts in an electrolyzer system for sustainable energy storage

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Papers

Ru-Doped CuO/MoS2 Nanostructures as Bifunctional Water-Splitting Electrocatalysts in Alkaline Media

Sulphur edge and vacancy assisted nitrogen–phosphorus co-doped exfoliated tungsten disulfide: a superior electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction

N, Ru Codoped Pellet Drum Bundle-Like Sb2S3: An Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction Electrocatalyst in Alkaline Medium.

Cobalt-based heterogeneous catalysts in an electrolyzer system for sustainable energy storage