Urban heat island (UHI) intensity and magnitude estimations: A systematic literature review

Cities are particularly vulnerable to extreme weather episodes, which are expected to increase with climate change. Cities also influence their own local climate, for example, through the relative ...

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083623

Urban Climates and Climate Change

Optimizing local climate zones to mitigate urban heat island effect in human settlements

Understanding land surface temperature impact factors based on local climate zones

The World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools (WUDAPT) project has grown out of the need for better information on the form and function of cities globally. Cities are described using Local Climate Zones (LCZ), which are associated with a range of key urban climate model parameters and thus can serve as inputs to high resolution urban climate models. We refer to this as level 0 data for each city. The LCZ level 0 product is produced using freely available Landsat imagery, crowdsourced training areas from the community, and the open source SAGA software. This paper outlines the protocol by which LCZ maps generated by different members of the community are produced and evaluated. In particular, the quality assessment comprises cross-validation, review, and cross-comparison with other data sets. To date, the results from the different quality assessments show that the LCZ maps are generally of moderate quality, i.e. 50–60% overall accuracy (OA), but this is much higher when considering all built-up classes together or using weights that take the morphological and climatic similarity of certain classes into account. The training data contributed by researchers from around the world also vary in quality and in the interpretation of the landscape, which affects the final quality of the LCZ maps. The acceptable level of quality needed will depend heavily on the application of the data. However, initial modelling studies that use the level 0 products as inputs showed improved performance in simulating the urban climate when replacing the default surface descriptions with the WUDAPT level 0 data. This is also promising for the application of level 0 data in regional and global climate and weather models and supports the assumption that the current level 0 products are already of sufficient quality for certain applications. Moreover, there are various ongoing developments to improve the methods used to produce LCZ maps and their accuracy.

Generating WUDAPT Level 0 data – Current status of production and evaluation

Evaluating urban heat island in the critical local climate zones of an Indian city

South Asian cities are home to nearly 15% of the world's urban population. These cities are experiencing rampant environmental deterioration, making them vulnerable to the impacts of climate change phenomenon, one of which is urban-rural temperature difference known as urban heat island (UHI) effect. While South Asian UHI research publications have tripled since 2000, a comprehensive overview of the experimental results, significant advancements and predominant directions in research is necessary to add clarity to the scientific understanding of tropical and subtropical urban climates and also, to aid city planning and policy-making. A review of 85 original research publications from peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings in last five decades, covering 28 representative South Asian cities, revealed that Delhi, Chennai and Colombo were most frequently studied and satellite imagery based thermal mapping was used predominantly. Results from few significant studies have shown practical implications for energy use and management, human health, comfort and productivity, reducing air pollution and urban land-use planning. With similar patterns of urbanization, geographies and climate types prevailing across international borders, cities in South Asian region could mutually benefit from collaborative multi-disciplinary research efforts and knowledge sharing to competently respond to and manage the detrimental impacts of urban heat islands.

Urban Heat Island studies in South Asia: A critical review

The land classification system called ‘Local Climate Zone’ (LCZ), developed by Stewart and Oke (2012), deals with the physical properties like surface cover and surface structure of the city which introduces a logical approach in studying urban heat island. Indian cities are characterized by the heterogeneous type of built forms. The primary task of mapping LCZ in such cities poses difficulty due to its complex urban form and data insufficiency. This paper aims at resolving the issues pertaining to the identification and classification of LCZ by taking a case of Nagpur city from India. The paper explains the various stages involved in the mapping and the issues confronted while delineating the LCZs. It explains the integration of various secondary data to generate LCZ map at 1 km, 500 m and 250 m. 21 LCZs are found in Nagpur including standard 7 built types and 7 natural types of LCZ. Additional 7 LCZ subclasses were observed as a result of mixing of two or more classes of built type LCZ. The paper explains typical features of the LCZ map of Nagpur and concludes with the discussion on the effectiveness of mapping method adopted for preparation of LCZ maps.

Local Climate Zone classification for Indian cities: A case study of Nagpur

Local climate zone (LCZ) land cover classification system has been effective in investigating the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. In mid-latitude tropical cities, temporal variation and composite type climate prove it difficult to evaluate critical LCZs. It is important to address which LCZ is most critical in terms of UHI and air temperature exposure and how to approach mitigation strategies for the same. The present study examines major LCZs, having greater coverage area, in the city of Nagpur, India. It uses the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) to identify LCZ criticality. It selects critical local climate zone and evaluates strategies such as greening and use of reflective surfaces namely cool roof and cool pavement using ENVI met tool. Increasing green area ration is found to be a more effective strategy for the sparsely built (LCZ 9) and planned settlement with open spaces (LCZ 3F) while application of cool roof shows significant reductions in air temperature in the older unplanned settlement with dense urban agglomeration (LCZ 3). The study provides insights to planners and policymakers to resolve the “where?” and “how?” part of the UHI mitigation and management.

A systematic approach for urban heat island mitigation strategies in critical local climate zones of an Indian city

The rapid growth of development and urbanization in the Indian subcontinents has made the urban areas vulnerable to outdoor thermal discomfort (OTC) which is in turn affecting the quality of living in these areas. This study aims at evaluating spatiotemporal dynamics of outdoor thermal comfort in Nagpur city (India) during winter, summer and heat wave period using Local Climate Zone (LCZ) classification. It uses Thom's Discomfort Index (DI) and Relative Strain Index (RSI) to analyze outdoor thermal comfort. It also examines the significance of major LCZs in addressing thermal anomaly and OTC at different time periods using One-way ANOVA technique. It identifies critical LCZ having a maximum exposure of discomfort and concludes with the applicability of LCZ for addressing discomfort.

/pdf/investigating-local-climate-zones-for-outdoor-thermal-4ses94s4zg.pdf

Investigating local climate zones for outdoor thermal comfort assessment in an Indian city

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