Over the past few years, nanocellulose (NC), cellulose in the form of nanostructures, has been proved to be one of the most prominent green materials of modern times. NC materials have gained growing interests owing to their attractive and excellent characteristics such as abundance, high aspect ratio, better mechanical properties, renewability, and biocompatibility. The abundant hydroxyl functional groups allow a wide range of functionalizations via chemical reactions, leading to developing various materials with tunable features. In this review, recent advances in the preparation, modification, and emerging application of nanocellulose, especially cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), are described and discussed based on the analysis of the latest investigations (particularly for the reports of the past 3 years). We start with a concise background of cellulose, its structural organization as well as the nomenclature of cellulose nanomaterials for beginners in this field. Then, different experimental procedures for the production of nanocelluloses, their properties, and functionalization approaches were elaborated. Furthermore, a number of recent and emerging uses of nanocellulose in nanocomposites, Pickering emulsifiers, wood adhesives, wastewater treatment, as well as in new evolving biomedical applications are presented. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of NC-based emerging materials are discussed.

/pdf/nanocellulose-from-fundamentals-to-advanced-applications-ecdehj4ngu.pdf

Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications

Water pollution is one of the global challenges that society must address in the 21st century aiming to improve water quality and reduce human and ecosystem health impacts. Industrialization, climate change, and expansion of urban areas produce a variety of water pollutants. In this work, we discuss some of the most recent and relevant findings related to the release of heavy metals, the possible risks for the environment and human health, the materials and technologies available for their removal. Anthropogenic activities are identified as the main source of the increasing amounts of heavy metals found in aquatic environments. Some of the health hazards derived from repeated exposure to traces of heavy metals, including lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic, are outlined. We also give some perspectives about several techniques used to detect heavy metals, as well as about the factors that could affect the contaminant removal. The advantages and drawbacks of conventional and non-conventional heavy metal removal methods are critically discussed, given particular attention to those related to adsorption, nanostructured materials and plant-mediated remediation. Some of the commercial products currently used to eliminate heavy metals from water are also listed. Finally, we point out some the requirements and opportunities linked to developing efficient methods for heavy metal removal, such as the ones that exploit nanotechnologies.

Heavy metal water pollution: A fresh look about hazards, novel and conventional remediation methods

Agricultural waste management strategies for environmental sustainability.

Selective removal of arsenic in water: A critical review

Energy Sources I

Water pollution due to increase in population and high rates of wastewater generation have become serious concerns since the last few decades. Heavy metals are amongst the main wastewater pollutants due to their ability to persist in the environment. Materials and techniques are being investigated for the treatment of heavy metals in wastewater. Cellulose is one of the materials gaining attention due to its excellent physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Cellulose-based materials are being widely studied for the adsorption of heavy metals. This overview highlights research efforts to enhance the role of cellulose in wastewater treatment through cellulose-based materials. It also discusses the effects of cellulose modifications such as cellulose gels, cellulose composites, cellulose derivatives, functionalized cellulose, and nanocrystalline cellulose on the capacity of heavy metals adsorption.

Cellulose-based Materials for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater – An Overview

Abstract Water Pollution through heavy metals is the concerned issue as many industries like tanning, steel production and electroplating are the major contributors. Various toxic Heavy metals are a matter of concern as they have severe environmental and health effects. Most commonly, conventional methods are using to remove these heavy metals like precipitation, ion exchange, which are not economical and have disposal issues. Adsorption of heavy metals by different low-cost adsorbents seems to be the best option in wastewater treatment. Many agricultural by-products proved to be suitable as low-cost adsorbents for removing heavy metals efficiently in a minimum time. Lignin residues that involves both agricultural and wood residues and sometimes separated out from black liquor through precipitation have adsorption capacity and affinity comparable to other natural adsorbents. However, lignin as bio adsorbents have the advantage of less cost and gives efficient adsorption results. This study is a review of the recent literature on the use of natural lignin residues for heavy metals adsorption under different experimental scenarios.

Lignin and Lignin Based Materials for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water-An Overview

Abstract In the present study, the potential of synthesized mixed cellulose, alginate and hydroxyapatite beads for the efficient removal of Ni (II) and Cu (II) ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. Cellulose, alginate and hydroxyapatite are known for their individual adsorption capacity. Beads were prepared in different ratios of these materials. The prepared beads were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). FTIR and XRD analysis showed characteristic peaks assigned to cellulose, alginate and hydroxyapatite. Thermal stability was observed to increase with increase of hydroxyapatite percentage in beads. SEM images showed increased surface porosity and roughness with the increase of cellulose percentage. The prepared beads were used for the removal of Ni (II) and Cu (II) ions from aqueous solutions and the process was optimized with respect to pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and initial concentration of metal ions. The values of the coefficient of determination (R2) of the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption model indicated that the adsorbed Cu (II) and Ni (II) ions form monolayer coverage on the adsorbent surface. In kinetic analysis, Pseudo-second-order model fitted the kinetic experimental data well, as it showed high R2 value; above 0.9990.

Fabrication and Evaluation of Cellulose-Alginate-Hydroxyapatite Beads for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions

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Cellulose-based Materials for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater – An Overview

Lignin and Lignin Based Materials for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water-An Overview

Fabrication and Evaluation of Cellulose-Alginate-Hydroxyapatite Beads for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions