Appearing in 1st IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Net Protocols and Applications (SNPA). Anchorage, Alaska, USA. May 11, 2003. RMST: Reliable Data Transport in Sensor Networks Fred Stann, John Heidemann Abstract – Reliable data transport in wireless sensor networks is a multifaceted problem influenced by the physical, MAC, network, and transport layers. Because sensor networks are subject to strict resource constraints and are deployed by single organizations, they encourage revisiting traditional layering and are less bound by standardized placement of services such as reliability. This paper presents analysis and experiments resulting in specific recommendations for implementing reliable data transport in sensor nets. To explore reliability at the transport layer, we present RMST (Reliable Multi- Segment Transport), a new transport layer for Directed Diffusion. RMST provides guaranteed delivery and fragmentation/reassembly for applications that require them. RMST is a selective NACK-based protocol that can be configured for in-network caching and repair. Second, these energy constraints, plus relatively low wireless bandwidths, make in-network processing both feasible and desirable [3]. Third, because nodes in sensor networks are usually collaborating towards a common task, rather than representing independent users, optimization of the shared network focuses on throughput rather than fairness. Finally, because sensor networks are often deployed by a single organization with inexpensive hardware, there is less need for interoperability with existing standards. For all of these reasons, sensor networks provide an environment that encourages rethinking the structure of traditional communications protocols. The main contribution is an evaluation of the placement of reliability for data transport at different levels of the protocol stack. We consider implementing reliability in the MAC, transport layer, application, and combinations of these. We conclude that reliability is important at the MAC layer and the transport layer. MAC-level reliability is important not just to provide hop-by-hop error recovery for the transport layer, but also because it is needed for route discovery and maintenance. (This conclusion differs from previous studies in reliability for sensor nets that did not simulate routing. [4]) Second, we have developed RMST (Reliable Multi-Segment Transport), a new transport layer, in order to understand the role of in- network processing for reliable data transfer. RMST benefits from diffusion routing, adding minimal additional control traffic. RMST guarantees delivery, even when multiple hops exhibit very high error rates. 1 Introduction Wireless sensor networks provide an economical, fully distributed, sensing and computing solution for environments where conventional networks are impractical. This paper explores the design decisions related to providing reliable data transport in sensor nets. The reliable data transport problem in sensor nets is multi-faceted. The emphasis on energy conservation in sensor nets implies that poor paths should not be artificially bolstered via mechanisms such as MAC layer ARQ during route discovery and path selection [1]. Path maintenance, on the other hand, benefits from well- engineered recovery either at the MAC layer or the transport layer, or both. Recovery should not be costly however, since many applications in sensor nets are impervious to occasional packet loss, relying on the regular delivery of coarse-grained event descriptions. Other applications require loss detection and repair. These aspects of reliable data transport include the provision of guaranteed delivery and fragmentation/ reassembly of data entities larger than the network MTU. Sensor networks have different constraints than traditional wired nets. First, energy constraints are paramount in sensor networks since nodes can often not be recharged, so any wasted energy shortens their useful lifetime [2]. This work was supported by DARPA under grant DABT63-99-1-0011 as part of the SCAADS project, and was also made possible in part due to support from Intel Corporation and Xerox Corporation. Fred Stann and John Heidemann are with USC/Information Sciences Institute, 4676 Admiralty Way, Marina Del Rey, CA, USA E-mail: fstann@usc.edu, johnh@isi.edu. 2 Architectural Choices There are a number of key areas to consider when engineering reliability for sensor nets. Many current sensor networks exhibit high loss rates compared to wired networks (2% to 30% to immediate neighbors)[1,5,6]. While error detection and correction at the physical layer are important, approaches at the MAC layer and higher adapt well to the very wide range of loss rates seen in sensor networks and are the focus of this paper. MAC layer protocols can ameliorate PHY layer unreliability, and transport layers can guarantee delivery. An important question for this paper is the trade off between implementation of reliability at the MAC layer (i.e. hop to hop) vs. the Transport layer, which has traditionally been concerned with end-to-end reliability. Because sensor net applications are distributed, we also considered implementing reliability at the application layer. Our goal is to minimize the cost of repair in terms of transmission.

RMST: Reliable Data Transport in Sensor Networks

What happens if we need a virtual connection between two stations belonging to two differ ent physical LANs? A virtual local area network (VLAN) is defined as a local area network configured by software, not by physical wiring. Virtual LANs (VLANs) have recently developed into an integral feature of switched LAN solutions from every major LAN equipment vendor. One of the reasons for the attention placed on VLAN functionality now is the rapid deployment of LAN switching that began in 1994/1995. The shift toward LAN switching as a replacement for local/departmental routers—and now even shared media devices (hubs)— will only accelerate in the future. With the rapid decrease in Ethernet and Token Ring switch prices on a per-port basis, many more ambitious organizations are moving quickly toward networks featuring private port (single user/port) LAN switching architectures. VLANs represent an alternative solution to routers for broadcast containment, since VLANs allow switches to also contain broadcast traffic. With the implementation of switches in conjunction with VLANs, each network segment can contain as few as one user (approaching private port LAN switching), while broadcast domains can be as large as 1,000 users or perhaps even more. This paper present, in details, exactly what a VLAN is and how VLAN memberships are used in a switched network. Membership in a VLAN can be based on port members, MAC addresses, IP addresses, IP multicast addresses and/or a combination of these features. VLANs are cost and time effective, can reduce network traffic, and provide an extra measure of security.

Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)

The Wireless Sensor Network consist lot of tiny sensor nodes in which sensor nodes (WSN) send data to sink node. The Wireless Sensor Networks are used in climate change impact, water cycle management, vehicle traffic monitoring, freight shipping etc. There are two types of traffic in WSN. They are source traffic and transit traffic. The source traffic occurs in sensor nodes where as transit traffic occurs in other nodes. The upstream traffic can be classified as event based, continuous based, query based and hybrid delivery. Because of many-to-one nature there is more congestion in upstream traffic. The packet loss due to collision is one of the reasons for congestion. Due to packet loss the retransmission of packets will take place. So the sensor nodes consume more power. While designing a protocol for WSN we have to consider energy efficiency and reliability. There are two types of reliability hop-by-hop and packet reliability. In this paper we propose packet reliability technique for reliable data transfer.

/pdf/centralized-reliability-index-technique-for-congestion-4p4ne1gbby.pdf

Centralized reliability index technique for congestion control in wireless sensor networks

Recently, the industry has been bombarded with terminology such as Layer 3 switching, Layer 4 switching, multilayer switching, routing switches, switching routers, and gigabit routers. This “technojargon” can be confusing to customers and resellers alike. For purposes of this discussion, all these terms essentially represent the same function, and, as such, the term Layer 3 switching is used to represent them all. In this paper, explained about what Layer 3 switching is and how it compares with Layer 2 switching and routing.

Layer 3 switching

Switches are not used to create internetworks; they are employed to add functionality to a network LAN. The main purpose of a switch is to make a LAN work better: to optimize its performance; providing more bandwidth for the LAN’s users. Switches don’t forward packets to other networks as routers do. Instead, they only “switch” frames from one port to another within the switched network. By default, switches break up collision domains. This is an Ethernet term used to describe a network scenario where in one particular device sends a packet on a network segment, forcing every other device on that same segment to pay attention to it. At the same time, a different device tries to transmit, leading to a collision, after which both devices must retransmit, one at a time. Not very efficient! This situation is typically found in a hub environment where each host segment connects to a hub that represents only one collision domain and only one collision domain and only one broadcast domain. By contrast, each and every port on a switch represents its own collision domain.

A review: layer 2 ethernet switches

Today, the study of energy efficient networking solutions in sensor networks has been focusing on networks with always-on connectivity between communication end-points and short link delays. The reliability of data transfer is vital for commercial and enterprise applications of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Likewise, mission-oriented and critical military applications of these networks demand dependable and timely data transport. Designing a reliable transport protocol is a new challenging area in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Generally transport layer is responsible for congestion control and reliable packet delivery. Congestion is an essential problem in WSNs. Although TCP is a time-tested transport layer protocol of Internet that ensures reliability, flow control and congestion control, being a heavy protocol, it is considered unsuitable for resource constrained sensor networks. As a result new transport layer protocols have been developed for these networks. . In this paper we present a reliable transport protocol for wireless sensor networks which not only controls the congestion in the network, but also provides reliability in packet delivery.

http://www.ijsrp.org/research_paper_jul2012/ijsrp-july-2012-66.pdf

Improving Energy Efficiency through Transport Control Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) depends on their reliable operation for extended times without human intervention. Wireless and ad-hoc deployment, which is essential in some scenarios and cost- effective in others, prevents the use of a wired energy infrastructure. Wireless Sensor Networks usually battery powered, thus energy-constrained, present energy efficiency as the main challenge. Usually in WSNs the communication consumes most of the energy. But recently wireless sensor nodes are introduced that comprise also energy-consuming sensors, apart from the ‘traditional’ ones like temperature, air pressure and humidity sensors. This paper presents the feasible formulation to express the energy consumption of a wireless sensor network application in terms of its energy constituents, effective realization of the intended application in terms of cost, lifetime, and functionality.

Formulation of Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Network

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Improving Energy Efficiency through Transport Control Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network

Formulation of Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Network