Fast Fourier Transform

The many uncertainties involved in the payment of losses makes the estimation of the required reserves more difficult. Yet, some of the existing methods, such as the popular chain-ladder, are simple to apply. However, it has become evident that there is a need for better ways not only to estimate the reserves, but also to obtain some measures of their variability. The chain-ladder is used as a benchmark in this study due to its generalized use and ease of application. Although this facilitates comparisons between different methods, studies have shown that different classes of insurance present different development patterns hence the need to apply a variety of methods. This dissertation aims at presenting different loss reserving models both deterministic and stochastic and compare the variability in the models. The objective will be to develop and implement a loss reserving model that combines both deterministic and stochastic methods to estimate reserve provisions for different classes in general insurance. In this study we also present Bayesian method to model both claim frequencies and severity using some well defined assumptions and to use the resulting predictive distributions to estimate loss reserves, allowing for negative values. In this study we assume that the expected loss payments depends upon unknown parameters that determine the expected loss ratio for each accident year and the expected payment lag. The distribution of outcomes is given by a collective risk model in which the expected claim severity increases with the settlement lag. The claim count distribution is given by a Poisson distribution with its mean determined by dividing the expected loss by the expected claim severity. The parameter that describe the posterior distribution are calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation algorithm. Models back testing with real life data have shown that in some classes of insurance the actual and expected estimates vary significantly there by discrediting the models and hence the need to compare different models and study the variability presented.

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Analysis of Variability in IBNR Estimates with Run off Triangles

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Analysis of Variability in IBNR Estimates with Run off Triangles