A multiresidue analytical method using solid-phase extraction and high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to measure pharmaceuticals of different therapeutic classes in urban wastewaters.

Affinity chromatography is a type of liquid chromatography that makes use of biological-like interactions for the separation and specific analysis of sample components. This review describes the basic principles of affinity chromatography and examines its use in the testing of clinical samples, with an emphasis on HPLC-based methods. Some traditional applications of this approach include the use of boronate, lectin, protein A or protein G, and immunoaffinity supports for the direct quantification of solutes. Newer techniques that use antibody-based columns for on- or off-line sample extraction are examined in detail, as are methods that use affinity chromatography in combination with other analytical methods, such as reversed-phase liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis. Indirect analyte detection methods are also described in which immunoaffinity chromatography is used to perform flow-based immunoassays. Other applications that are reviewed include affinity-based chiral separations and the use of affinity chromatography for the study of drug or hormone interactions with binding proteins. Some areas of possible future developments are then considered, such as tandem affinity methods and the use of synthetic dyes, immobilized metal ions, molecular imprints, or aptamers as affinity ligands for clinical analytes.

/pdf/affinity-chromatography-a-review-of-clinical-applications-kbbk9lt6ls.pdf

Affinity Chromatography: A Review of Clinical Applications

Current trends in sample preparation for growth promoter and veterinary drug residue analysis.

Survey of recent advances in analytical applications of immunoaffinity chromatography

Immunoaffinity solid-phase extraction for the trace-analysis of low-molecular-mass analytes in complex sample matrices.

Analysis of diethylstilbestrol, dienestrol and hexestrol in biological samples by immunoaffinity extraction and gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry.

A major issue concerning the protocols of heavy metal cytotoxicity tests with PC12 cells was the hypothesis that serum in the culture medium might sequester the metal, thus altering the results obtained However, serum withdrawal impairs the viability of PC12 cells themselves, thus impeding cytotoxicity testing in the absence of serum In this study, we repeatedly selected undifferentiated, totally non-adherent PC12 cells in Petri dishes Surprisingly, we discovered that these cells could survive and proliferate in serum-free medium Moreover, features such as NGF-responsiveness, resazurin reduction potential, doubling rate, protein content, and basal caspase-3 enzyme activity, were equivalent to those exhibited by standard PC12 cultures Further experiments aimed at fully characterising these serum-independent PC12 cells are in progress These cells enabled cytotoxicity experiments to be conducted with manganese, both in serum-supplemented and in serum-deprived medium The results demonstrated that serum removal decreased the LC50 of manganese from 250microM to 32microM, without affecting the internalisation of the metal The data exclude an early competitive effect of serum on metal internalisation; rather, they suggest a late protective mechanism mediated by serum against the cytotoxic effect of the already-internalised metal

The selection of serum-independent PC12 cells for a more-reliable manganese cytotoxicity test.

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Analysis of diethylstilbestrol, dienestrol and hexestrol in biological samples by immunoaffinity extraction and gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry.

The selection of serum-independent PC12 cells for a more-reliable manganese cytotoxicity test.