Occurrence and co-occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in wheat grains and wheat flour from Romania

Introduction and objective Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) and Zearalenone (ZEA) are mycotoxin contaminants of cereals and cereal products that pose a significant threat to food safety. The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence of DON and ZEA in different organic and conventional unprocessed cereals and cereal products that are available on the Polish agricultural fields and market. A total of 78 unprocessed cereal and cereal product samples of organic and conventional production were sampled from agricultural fields situated in western Poland and from available on the Polish market packaged comercial products produced by different domestic manufacturers. All samples were analyzed for DON and ZEA by HPLC with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). Results Results. Co-occurrence of DON was detected in cereals from the organic production system, the average content was 285.25 ± 134,04 μg kg -1 and from the conventional system - 373.71 ± 171,20 μg kg -1 , In flour from organic farming, the average DON content was 213.80 ± 151,28 μg kg -1, in conventional flour the average was 336.29 ± 188,90 μg kg -1. The range of DON concentrations in samples of cereal products from organic and conventional farms was detected in 26.3% and 31.6%, whereas the average concentrations of DON in cereal products was 199.60 ± 149.82 μg kg -1 and 387.67 ± 250.24 μg kg -1, respectively. Conclusions Mycotoxins contamination seen in organic cereals and cereal products does not statistical differ from that witnessed in their conventional counterparts.

/pdf/comparison-of-deoxynivalenol-and-zearaleone-concentration-in-1rbfcnpocs.pdf

Comparison of deoxynivalenol and zearaleone concentration in conventional and organic cereal products in western Poland.

Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Harvested Maize in Kenya and Tanzania and Postharvest Control by Photosensitisation

Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals constitute major problems for animal and human health worldwide. A range of plant pathogenic Fusarium species that can infect cereal plants in the field are considered the most important source of mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), T-2 toxin, and HT-2 toxin, in small-grain cereal crops in temperate climates. In this article, we (i) critically review the available knowledge on the impact of contrasting production systems (organic versus conventional) and specific agronomic parameters on the occurrence and concentrations of DON, ZEA, and T-2/HT-2 in small-grain cereals (wheat, oats, barley, and rye), and (ii) discuss Fusarium mycotoxin risks in the context of the need to develop more sustainable cereal production systems. Overall, the available evidence from studies of acceptable scientific quality suggests that the incidence and concentrations of Fusarium mycotoxin are lower in organic compared with conventional cereals. Specifically, 24 comparisons showed lower mycotoxin levels in organic production, 16 detected no significant difference, and only 2 showed higher levels in organic production. When the mean concentrations from all studies were compared, conventionally produced cereals had 62%, 110%, and 180% higher concentrations of DON, ZEA, and T-2/HT-2, respectively, than organic cereals. Overall, published studies on the effects of specific agronomic practices on mycotoxin levels suggest that diverse crop rotations and high soil organic matter content/biological activity are associated with a lower risk of Fusarium mycotoxin contamination, whereas (i) high mineral nitrogen fertiliser inputs, (ii) some fungicides and herbicides, and (iii) minimum or no tillage may increase the risks of Fusarium mycotoxin contamination in cereals. The management of Fusarium head blight and mycotoxins, therefore, requires a preventative, integrated, holistic agronomic approach.

/pdf/effect-of-organic-and-conventional-cereal-production-methods-2z9twmlp.pdf

Effect of Organic and Conventional Cereal Production Methods on Fusarium Head Blight and Mycotoxin Contamination Levels

Deoxynivalenol (DON) produced by Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) is an important food safety issue for the cereal chain. A number of agronomic practices are known to affect the infection and mycotoxin production by these Fusarium species in cereal grains. A field study was conducted to compare the natural occurrence of DON in durum wheat grown under conventional (n = 67 samples) and organic (n = 50) farming conditions during two consecutive crop years. DON mean levels were 95 and 194 µg/kg in conventional and organic durum wheat, respectively. The incidence and levels of DON were higher in the second crop year due to higher rainfall (> 100 mm) during flowering. Overall, organically managed farming system may provide some reduction in DON levels in durum wheat, which could be attributable to the lower intensity of cultivation in addition to the different system of cropping rotation. However, favourable weather conditions are likely to be more important for DON contamination than crop system.

The Effect of Weather and Agronomic Practice on Deoxynivalenol Mycotoxin in Durum Wheat

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The Effect of Weather and Agronomic Practice on Deoxynivalenol Mycotoxin in Durum Wheat