Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) as well as multiple industrial imaging applications highly benefit from increased angular resolution in millimeter-wave (mmW) phased-array radar systems. To achieve this, future radar systems will need a high amount of transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) channels while at the same time being suitable for mass-production. Therefore we propose a concept to realize a scalable massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) radar system by cascading fully-integrated frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) transceivers, thus reducing system cost and complexity. Prototype hardware with 5 transceivers (TRXs) is built and tested under laboratory and application-near conditions. First results show an angular resolution of 2.4°in azimuth in good accordance to the simulations. Parked cars and their surrounding scenery in front of the radar module can be clearly distinguished.

A Scalable 77 GHz Massive MIMO FMCW Radar by Cascading Fully-Integrated Transceivers

The future of driving extends from physical mobility and enjoyment today to having more services enabled by wireless connectivity, clean and green technologies, secure transactions, and so forth. Whether the ownership is based on physical vehicles or services, or whether the drivers are human or robots, one demand that will never change is to have better safety at affordable cost. Among available sensor technologies for the advanced-driver-assistance-system (ADAS), radar is indispensable due to its unique capability in robustness against environmental impacts, long-range detection, sufficient range resolution, and simultaneous multi-depth detection. Those are very crucial since camera, Lidar and ultrasonic sensors perform poorly under severe weather conditions, and an autonomous vehicle would become partially blinded without radars. There are several automotive radar applications such as front radars responsible for autonomous cruise control and automatic emergency braking, as well as corner radars responsible for blind-spot detection (BSD), cross-traffic alert (CTA), and the like. A new class of applications comprehending ultra-short range sensing and 360° surround view for parking assistance, door-opening alert, etc. is emerging. In this paper, requirements of the new applications will be examined, which will be further broken into system and circuit specification. A new system including application-driven algorithm, hardware and software designs will be presented to fulfill the new demands.

9.1 Toward Automotive Surround-View Radars

This paper presents a 77-GHz automotive radar receiver in a 28-nm fully depleted silicon-on-insulator CMOS technology. It exploits a mixer-first direct-conversion architecture to trade-off noise and linearity performance. The receiver is composed of a 77-GHz downconverter, a variable-gain amplifier, and a switched-capacitor low-pass filter. It adopts an effective and robust approach for leakage suppression due to the TX to RX crosstalk, which overcomes both gain and linearity limitations. The receiver draws an overall quiescent current as low as 27 mA from a 1-V supply voltage and provides an overall gain up to 75 dB with a noise figure of 8.2 dB. Despite the low supply voltage, an excellent blocker immunity of −9.5 dBm is achieved along with an output 1-dB compression point as high as −1.5 dBV.

A 27-mW W -Band Radar Receiver With Effective TX Leakage Suppression in 28-nm FD-SOI CMOS

With the miniaturization of electronics, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers are getting more and more embedded into devices with harsh energy constraints. This process has led to new signal processing challenges due to the limited processing power on battery-operated devices and to challenging wireless environments, such as deep urban canyons, tunnels and bridges, forest canopies, increased jamming and spoofing. The latter is typically tackled via new GNSS constellations and modernization of the GNSS signals. However, the increase in signal complexity leads to higher computation requirements to recover the signals; thus, the trade-off between precision and energy should be evaluated for each application. This paper dives into low-power GNSS, focusing on the energy consumption of satellite-based positioning receivers used in battery-operated consumer devices and Internet of Things (IoT) sensors.We briefly overview the GNSS basics and the differences between legacy and modernized signals. Factors dominating the energy consumption of GNSS receivers are then reviewed, with special attention given to the complexity of the processing algorithms. Onboard and offloaded (Cloud/Edge) processing strategies are explored and compared. Finally, we highlight the current challenges of today’s research in low-power GNSS. 

/pdf/a-survey-on-low-power-gnss-2qzftaxf.pdf

A Survey on Low-Power GNSS

This paper presents a low-power RF front-end designed for L1/E1 GPS/Galileo and GLONASS, implemented on 65nm CMOS technology. It draws 28mA on external voltage supply at 1.2V, with power consumption of 33.6mW. The chip could work also at 1.8V using a chip-embedded low dropout regulator (LDO). The device integrates a high performance low noise amplifier (LNA), an automatic gain control (AGC) that doesn't need any external capacitor, and the phase-locked loop (PLL) filter reducing the external components count; only few passives for matching and external TCXO for frequency reference are needed. A programmable synthesizer manages most of the commonly used TCXO frequencies. The device presents only one input for RF signal with two intermediate frequency (IF) chains one for GPS/Galileo signals and the other for GLONASS signals. Both IF filters are fully embedded. The data bit for base band are generated by 3-bits analog-to-digital converters (ADC). The whole die area is 4.65mm2.

A low power RF front-end for L1/E1 GPS/Galileo and GLONASS signals in CMOS 65nm technology

An oscillator circuit may include a local oscillator to generate a carrier signal having a tunable frequency, a first modulator and a power amplifier coupled in cascade to the local oscillator to generate an output signal. The first modulator may be activated from a first modulating signal having a first frequency alternatively defining ON and OFF states of the first modulator. An estimator unit may receive the carrier signal during a time window and detect an estimated frequency variation of the carrier signal during the ON and OFF states. A compensation unit may include a second modulator to generate a compensation signal proportional to the estimated frequency variation and modulated with a second modulating frequency. The second modulating frequency may be substantially the same as the first modulating frequency, and the compensation signal may be added to a bias signal of the local oscillator to tune the tunable frequency.

Oscillator circuits and methods to compensate frequency pulling

The utility model relates to power amplifier circuit and electronic system. Power amplifier circuit includes: power amplifier, power amplifier includes: signal input part, signal input part are used for receiving incoming signal, and signal output part, signal output part are used for providing output signal, and control input end, control input end are used for the gain control signal of the gainthat receive instructions asked to and the control input end, the control input end is used for receive instructions signal output part should be put through the mute control letter of still disconnection. Power amplifier is configured as and is used for: when mute control signal indication signal output part should be by when switch -on, in signal output part department through according to gaincontrol signal amplification and input signal and generate output signal to when mute control signal indication signal output part should be broken off, signal output part stopped using, and a control unit.

Power amplifier circuit and electronic system

A radar sensor circuit (10) for use, for example, in FMCW radar sensor systems installed on board of motorcars (V) comprises:- an input node (18) receiving a received signal (RF_signal) chirp-modulated with a sequence of chirp ramps and down-converting the received signal to an intermediate frequency signal;- a high-pass filter circuit (221, 222) which receives the intermediate frequency signal and produces therefrom a high-pass filtered signal (OS).The high-pass filter circuit (221, 222) comprises first (221) and second (222) high-pass filtering arrangements with first (HPF1) and second (HPF2) corner frequencies, respectively, with the first corner frequency (HPF1) higher than the second corner frequency (HPF2). The high-pass filter circuit (221, 222) provides at each chirp in the chirp modulation high-pass filtering of the intermediate frequency signal starting with first high-pass filtering (221) subsequently replaced by second high-pass filtering (222) .

Method of operating radar sensor systems, corresponding circuit, system, and vehicle

Oscillator circuit comprising a local oscillator (1) configured to generate a carrier signal (2) having a tunable frequency (f t ), a first modulator (SW1) and a power amplifier (PA) couple in cascade to said local oscillator (1) and configured to generate an output signal (V OUT ), the first modulator (SW1) configured to be activated from a first modulating signal (PT) having a first frequency (f1) defining alternatively states ON and states OFF of said first modulator (SW1), the oscillator circuit further comprising: 
an estimator unit (14) configured to receive the carrier signal (2) during a time window (ΔTx) and to detect an estimated frequency variation (Δf) of said carrier signal (2) during the states ON and the states OFF of said first modulator (SW1), 
a compensation unit (16) comprising a second modulator (SW2) and configured to generate a compensation signal (Vcom, Icom) proportional to the estimated frequency variation (Δf) and modulated with a second modulating frequency (f2), the second modulating frequency (f2) being substantially the same of the first modulating frequency (f1), the compensation signal (Vcom, Icom) being adapted to be added to a bias signal (V TUNE ,I BIAS ) of the local oscillator (1) to tune the tunable frequency (f t ).

Oscillator circuits and method to compensate the frequency pulling

Dispositivo elettronico per ricevere un segnale a radio-frequenza

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