Hearing voices when nobody speaks or seeing objects no one else sees - hallucinations are intriguing phenomena that have puzzled clinicians, researchers, and lay people alike for centuries. In this book, authors Andre Aleman and Frank Laroi review the latest research on the cognitive and neural bases of hallucinations and outline their unique neurobiology by drawing on evidence from brain imaging and neurotransmission studies. Detailed attention is paid to hallucination characteristics in different forms of psychosis as well as other clinical groups and conditions, such as brain damage, Charles Bonnet syndrome, dementia, and chemical substance abuse.The authors integrate the wealth of recent findings into a cohesive framework and put forward a comprehensive, multicomponent model of hallucinations. Finally, treatment of hallucinations is discussed, ranging from pharmacotherapy and cognitive therapy to transcranial magnetic stimulation. A comprehensive list of available hallucination questionnaires and scales is also included as a handy clinical assessment resource.

Hallucinations: The Science of Idiosyncratic Perception

Symptoms after total gastrectomy on food intake, body composition, bone metabolism, and quality of life in gastric cancer patients—is reconstruction with a reservoir worthwhile?

Two experiments tested the ability to distinguish between ordinary and fantastic complex visual displays in 6- and 9-year-old children and adults. In Experiment 1, adults found discrimination between ordinary and fantastic visual realities (Task 1) as clear and manageable as the discrimination between pictures that included or did not include human characters (Task 2), but 6- and 9-year-old children did significantly better on Task 2 than on Task 1. Children performed significantly poorer than adults on discrimination between ordinary and fantastic pictures. Other data confirmed that this difference in accuracy of discrimination between 9-year-olds and adults can't be explained by the 9-year-olds' general cognitive deficit. This suggests that children's understanding of the difference between pictures representing ordinary and fantastic realities is a result of special experience with magical reality, rather than a result of general cognitive growth. On both tasks, six-year-olds performed significantly worse than 9-year olds. This supports the hypothesis that there is a developmental progression on the capacity to discriminate between ordinary and fantastic visual realities. In Experiment 2, the same tasks were given to adult participants without identifying the criterion for classification. For Task 1, participants spontaneously used the ordinary/fantastic distinction as a criterion for classification with the frequency significantly above chance, but for Task 2, the frequency of the in-built criterion (presence or absence of people) dropped down to chance level. The results show salience of the distinction between ordinary and fantastic visual realities.

http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/staff/subbotsk/Discrimination%20between%20fantstic%20and%20ordinary.pdf

Simulation of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency in a Musculoskeletal Model with Anatomical Knees

A nation-wide cohort of 12,737 first admitted patients aged 15 years or more to Danish psychiatric institutions was followed in the Danish Case Register for a 10-year period. Long stay patients were delineated as: 1) patients whose first admission lasted for more than 1 year (new long-stay); or 2) patients who later had an admission lasting for more than 1 year (late long-stay). Together they comprised 420 males and 527 females with an incidence rate of 0.22 males and 0.27 females per 1,000. Up to age 65 males dominated, after 65 females dominated. Thirty-three percent of demential disordered and 24 of schizophrenics became long-stay patients. A multiple contingency analysis showed that the variables "age group", "main diagnosis", "size of municipality of residence" and "marital status" were independently associated with the outcome "long-stay". The two long-stay groups differed. New long-stay patients tended to be females, older, suffering from demential disorders and with a total hospital stay shorter than that of the long-stay population. In a multiple contingency analysis the variables "age group" and "main diagnosis" were independently associated with the outcome "new long-stay" and the variables "age groups", "main diagnosis" and "size of municipality of residence" with the outcome "late long-stay".

Prediction and profile of the long-stay population. A nation-wide cohort of first time admitted patients.

The electroencephalogram (EEG) serves as an essential tool in exploring brain activity and holds particular importance in the field of mental health research. This review paper examines the application of artificial intelligence (AI), encompassing machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), for classifying schizophrenia (SCZ) through EEG. It includes a thorough literature review that addresses the difficulties, methodologies, and discoveries in this field. ML approaches utilize conventional models like Support Vector Machines and Decision Trees, which are interpretable and effective with smaller data sets. In contrast, DL techniques, which use neural networks such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and long short-term memory networks (LSTMs), are more adaptable to intricate EEG patterns but require significant data and computational power. Both ML and DL face challenges concerning data quality and ethical issues. This paper underscores the importance of integrating various techniques to enhance schizophrenia diagnosis and highlights AI’s potential role in this process. It also acknowledges the necessity for collaborative and ethically informed approaches in the automated classification of SCZ using AI.

A systematic review of EEG based automated schizophrenia classification through machine learning and deep learning

Results from studies of reality testing in schizophrenic and other persons are presented and discussed. For two reasons such results are important. First, it is nowadays realized how important educational rehabilitation is, and such work implies precise knowledge of the patients' cognitive functioning. Second, the biological research methods have been refined to a degree which makes it important to have clear psychological concepts in the biological psychopathological research. Eight experienced reality qualities are operationally definable: qualitites of 1) sensation, 2) behavioral relevance, 3) publicness, 4) objectivity, 5) existence, 6) independence, 7) involuntarity of the experience, and 8) involuntarity of the experienced item are defined. The normal structure of positive and negative qualities 1 through 8 is described for a) sensory experiences, b) thinking of existing things or properties in persons, and for c) fantasy experiences. In 60 schizophrenic patients it was found that they experienced a...

Reality testing in schizophrenia

Detta ar den forsta av tva artiklar, i vilka overlaege Anton Aggernaes, Kobenhavn, diskuterar orsakerna till att vissa patienter kommer att stanna kvar lange pa psykiatriska avdelningar, Att det inte enbart ar sjukdomens svarighetsgrad som ar avgorande ar uppen-bart, menar Aggernaes och presenteraren lista pa 13 problemomraden av betydelse.

Hvilke forhold i vore patienter og i deres potentielle miljøer bevirker, at de forbliver indlagt i psykiatrisk institution?

Anton Aggernaes fortsatter fran foregaende nummer sin diskussion av orsakerna till att patienter vardas lang tid pa psykiatriska avdelningar. Utover sjalva psykopatologin spelar sociala faktorer som arbets-, bostads-forhallanden och mojligheterna till mansklig kontakt stor roll.

En tværsnitsundersøgelse af de skønnede årsager til, at mænd forbliver indlagt på en langtids-almenpsykiatrisk afdeling

Results from two recent Danish studies indicate that schizophrenic inpatients are more dissatisfied with their lives and conditions in hospitals than expected. Two-thirds of patients who have been involuntarily retained or treated find - even in retrospect - that this was not necessary or fair. More than one-third find the hospital's offers of activities and human staff contacts insufficient, and the majority finds it highly unacceptable not to have their own rooms in the hospital. Many studies indicate that schizophrenics have the same fundamental needs as everybody else. Much evidence indicates that even if schizophrenic outpatients have a lower quality of life than the general population, probably more than 50% of them prefer life outside the hospital to a life in the hospital. If we use our present knowledge to prepare effective aftercare and support programs, the percentage of schizophrenics who are satisfied with “deinstitutionalization”, may rise to 70% or 80%. Nevertheless, it is easy to present e...

Hvordan oplever skizofrene patienter behandlingstilbu-det og egen livskvalitet som hospitalsindlagte og som udskrevne

Oplevelser er individers oplevelser og består af oplevede emner; kvaliteter ved disse emner og kvaliteter derudover vedselve oplevelserne. Med eksempler vises vigtigheden af at skelne mellem oplevelserne og de oplevede emner.Både normal opleven og oplevelser under depressive, bevidsthedsforstyrrede og skizofrene tilstande er resultanter afsamtidige påvirkninger fra noget motivationelt, hukommelseslagret, påvirkninger fra omverdenen og fra egen persons aktuelle tilstand. Der fremsættes en teori om, at emotioner er oplevelser af behovs tilstande, og følelser er evalueringer af objekters betydning i ens livsudfoldelse. Nødvendigheden af i ætiologisk og terapeutisk forskning atsammentænke biologiske og psykologiske begreber illustreres. Oplevelser ses som visse egenskaber ved visse hjerneprocesser. Denne position underkender ikke det væsentlige i oplevelser; herunder spirituelle, idet oplevelser er af lige så basal ontologisk karakter som materiel eksistens. Begreber som sjæl, bevidsthed, determinisme, indeterminisme,behaviorisme, logisk empirisme og solipsisme findes overflødige og tidvis skadelige, foruden at de fører til filosofiskepseudoproblemer.

Normalt og specielt oplevelsesliv

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