Metallic biomaterials are engineered systems designed to provide internal support to biological tissues and they are being used largely in joint replacements, dental implants, orthopaedic fixations and stents. Higher biomaterial usage is associated with an increased incidence of implant-related complications due to poor implant integration, inflammation, mechanical instability, necrosis and infections, and associated prolonged patient care, pain and loss of function. In this review, we will briefly explore major representatives of metallic biomaterials along with the key existing and emerging strategies for surface and bulk modification used to improve biointegration, mechanical strength and flexibility of biometals, and discuss their compatibility with the concept of 3D printing.

Metallic Biomaterials: Current Challenges and Opportunities.

The kINPen® plasma jet was developed from laboratory prototype to commercially available non-equilibrium cold plasma jet for various applications in materials research, surface treatment and medicine. It has proven to be a valuable plasma source for industry as well as research and commercial use in plasma medicine, leading to very successful therapeutic results and its certification as a medical device. This topical review presents the different kINPen plasma sources available. Diagnostic techniques applied to the kINPen are introduced. The review summarizes the extensive studies of the physics and plasma chemistry of the kINPen performed by research groups across the world, and closes with a brief overview of the main application fields.

The kINPen—a review on physics and chemistry of the atmospheric pressure plasma jet and its applications

Titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) is widely used in a variety of products including cosmetics. TiO2 in its nanoparticle form (nano-TiO2 ) is now the only form used as an ultraviolet (UV) filter in sunscreens, but also in some day creams, foundations and lip balms. While its efficacy as a UV filter is proven in the prevention of skin cancers and sunburns, some concerns have been raised about its safety. Indeed, considering its small size, nano-TiO2 is suspected to penetrate dermal, respiratory or gastrointestinal barriers, disseminate in the body and therefore constitute a potential risk to the consumer. At the skin level, most studies performed in humans or animals showed that nano-TiO2 did not penetrate beyond the outer layers of stratum corneum to viable cells and did not reach the general circulation, either in healthy or in compromised skin. The Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) considers nano-TiO2 as a non-sensitizer and as mild- or non-irritant to skin and concludes in no evidence of carcinogenicity (supported by the European Chemicals Agency), mutagenicity or reproductive toxicity after dermal exposure to nano-TiO2 . According to the SCCS, nano-TiO2 from sunscreens does not present any health risk when applied on the skin at a concentration up to 25%. However, the SCCS does not recommend the use of nano-TiO2 in formulations that may lead to exposure of the consumer's lungs by inhalation (sprayable products and powders). Indeed, even if human data are sparse and inconsistent, lung inflammation was reported in animals. In 2016, the EU Cosmetic Regulation made nano-TiO2 as an authorized UV filter, except in products that could lead to exposure of the lungs. After oral exposure, nano-TiO2 absorption and toxicity are limited. The incidental oral exposure to nano-TiO2 contained in lip balms is thus not expected to induce adverse health effects.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jdv.15943

Safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in cosmetics

ZnO nanomaterials: Green synthesis, toxicity evaluation and new insights in biomedical applications

Skin aging is described as dermatologic changes either naturally occurring over the course of years or as the result of the exposure to environmental factors (e.g., chemical products, pollution, infrared and ultraviolet radiations). The production of collagen and elastin, the main structural proteins responsible for skin strength and elasticity, is reduced during aging, while their role in skin rejuvenation can trigger a wrinkle reversing effect. Elasticity loss, wrinkles, dry skin, and thinning are some of the signs that can be associated with skin aging. To overcome skin aging, many strategies using natural and synthetic ingredients are being developed aiming to reduce the signs of aging and/or to treat age-related skin problems (e.g., spots, hyper- or hypopigmentation). Among the different approaches in tissue regeneration, the use of nanomaterials loaded with cosmeceuticals (e.g., phytochemicals, vitamins, hyaluronic acid, and growth factors) has become an interesting alternative. Based on their bioactivities and using different nanoformulations as efficient delivery systems, several cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical products are now available on the market aiming to mitigate the signs of aged skin. This manuscript discusses the state of the art of nanomaterials commonly used for topical administration of active ingredients formulated in nanopharmaceuticals and nanocosmeceuticals for skin anti-aging.

https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/64215/1/document_53536_1.pdf

Nanomaterials for Skin Delivery of Cosmeceuticals and Pharmaceuticals

The application of sunscreen is a critical component of a sun-safe strategy, however the possibility of unexpected, adverse outcomes resulting from long-term use of sunscreens containing nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) has not yet been examined. Here, immune-competent hairless mice were exposed over a 36-week period to weekly topical applications of sunscreens containing nanoparticles of ZnO or TiO2, or no metal oxide nanoparticles, with or without subsequent exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Control groups received no sunscreen applications, with or without UVR. Mice exposed to UVR in the absence of sunscreen developed statistically significant incidences of histologically-diagnosed malignant and benign skin neoplasms, whereas no statistically significant adverse biological outcomes were found in mice treated with the sunscreens containing ZnO or TiO2 nanoparticles. Elevated levels of Ti were detected in the livers of mice treated with sunscreen containing TiO2 nanoparticles compared to untreated control, but total Zn concentrations did not significantly alter in any major organs except for the skin of mice treated with ZnO sunscreen. Exposure to UVR did not have a significant impact on examined tissue concentrations of Zn or Ti. Few to no transcriptional changes were found in ZnO or TiO2-treated groups, but mice treated with the sunscreen containing only organic filters showed substantial gene disregulation. Taken together with previous work, this long-term study provided no basis to avoid the use of sunscreens containing metal oxide nanoparticles.

/pdf/long-term-exposure-to-commercially-available-sunscreens-ya4ur2wq56.pdf

Long-term exposure to commercially available sunscreens containing nanoparticles of TiO2 and ZnO revealed no biological impact in a hairless mouse model.

Decapod crustaceans are faceless animals with five pairs of legs, an external skeleton and multiple nerve centres (ganglia) rather than a single brain (as in vertebrates). They include common seafood species such as crayfish, crabs, lobsters, prawns and shrimp. These characteristics make them difficult to empathise with and consequently legal protection of decapods ranges from strong (Norway and New Zealand), through circumstantial (Australia and Italy) to non-existent (in many other countries). Whether they are capable of experiencing pain depends on definitions and the requirement for absolute proof of an inherently subjective psychological experience. Yet like other animals, decapods fulfil neuroanatomical, pharmacological and behavioural criteria that are consistent with a pain response. Whether they experience stress, harm and distress is less controversial because these conditions are more measurable than the pain response. To balance animal welfare concerns with scientific merit whilst providing confidence for the growing public awareness of crustacean welfare, use of decapod crustaceans in research should require ethical review.

Should Scientific Research Involving Decapod Crustaceans Require Ethical Review

Coencapsulation of Target Effector Cells With Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reduces Pericapsular Fibrosis and Improves Graft Survival in a Xenotransplanted Animal Model.

Atmospheric-pressure plasmas (APs) have been identified as a promising cancer therapy that is able to preferentially kill neoplastic cells through apoptosis. In vitro studies suggest that AP-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the principal triggers of apoptosis-related signaling cascades via oxidative stress and direct interference with DNA, proteins, and other cellular components. The results of this study corroborate an ROS-mediated mechanism of cancer cell death, with apoptosis in AP-treated Mel-007 melanoma cells inhibited by pretreatment of cells with the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine or the caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk. In an effort to compare apoptosis mechanisms and evaluate the in vitro−in vivo correlation for AP-induced apoptosis, Mel-007 cells were injected subcutaneously into mice to form solid tumors and were treated with AP Histological assessment of tumors from control and AP-treated animals showed no significant difference in tumor volume, mitotic rate, or percentage of necrosis or multinucleate cells. These results vary from those of other studies of AP treatment of xenograft tumors in murine models, in which a decrease in tumor size and tumor volume were observed. These findings focus our attention on challenges associated with translating the in vitro results to corresponding in vivo outcomes, and highlight concerns about the applicability of mechanisms established in vitro to an intrinsically dynamic in vivo environment.

/pdf/effect-of-atmospheric-pressure-plasmas-on-drug-resistant-1u374e0rcw.pdf

Effect of Atmospheric-Pressure Plasmas on Drug Resistant Melanoma: The Challenges of Translating In vitro Outcomes into Animal Models

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Papers

Long-term exposure to commercially available sunscreens containing nanoparticles of TiO2 and ZnO revealed no biological impact in a hairless mouse model.

Should Scientific Research Involving Decapod Crustaceans Require Ethical Review

Coencapsulation of Target Effector Cells With Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reduces Pericapsular Fibrosis and Improves Graft Survival in a Xenotransplanted Animal Model.

Effect of Atmospheric-Pressure Plasmas on Drug Resistant Melanoma: The Challenges of Translating In vitro Outcomes into Animal Models