Fast Lithium Ion Conduction in Garnet‐Type Li7La3Zr2O12

II. Structure of Perovskites 1982 A. Crystal Structure 1982 B. Nonstoichiometry in Perovskites 1983 1. Oxygen Nonstoichiometry 1983 2. Cation Nonstoichiometry 1984 C. Physical Properties 1985 D. Adsorption Properties 1986 1. CO and NO Adsorption 1986 2. Oxygen Adsorption 1987 E. Specific Surface and Porosity 1987 F. Thermal Stability in a Reducing Atmosphere 1989 III. Acid−Base and Redox Properties 1990 A. Acidity and Basicity 1990 B. Redox Processes 1991 1. Kinetics and Mechanisms 1992 2. Reduction−Oxidation Cycles 1993 C. Ion Mobility 1993 1. Oxygen Transport 1993 2. Cation Transport 1994 IV. Heterogeneous Catalysis 1995 A. Oxidation Reactions 1995 1. CO Oxidation 1995 2. Oxidation of Hydrocarbons 1996 B. Pollution Abatement 2001 1. NOx Decomposition 2001 2. Exhaust Treatment 2002 3. Stability 2004 C. Hydrogenation and Hydrogenolysis Reactions 2004 1. Hydrogenation of Carbon Oxides 2004 2. Hydrogenation and Hydrogenolysis Reactions 2006

Chemical structures and performance of perovskite oxides.

http://fcbt.mse.gatech.edu/PDF/Bersra2007.pdf

A review on fundamentals and applications of electrophoretic deposition (EPD)

Energy storage technology has received significant attention for portable electronic devices, electric vehicle propulsion, bulk electricity storage at power stations, and load leveling of renewable sources, such as solar energy and wind power. Lithium ion batteries have dominated most of the first two applications. For the last two cases, however, moving beyond lithium batteries to the element that lies below-sodium-is a sensible step that offers sustainability and cost-effectiveness. This requires an evaluation of the science underpinning these devices, including the discovery of new materials, their electrochemistry, and an increased understanding of ion mobility based on computational methods. The Review considers some of the current scientific issues underpinning sodium ion batteries.

The emerging chemistry of sodium ion batteries for electrochemical energy storage.

Fuel cells will undoubtedly find widespread use in this new millennium in the conversion of chemical to electrical energy, as they offer very high efficiencies and have unique scalability in electricity-generation applications. The solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is one of the most exciting of these energy technologies; it is an all-ceramic device that operates at temperatures in the range 500–1,000 °C. The SOFC offers certain advantages over lower temperature fuel cells, notably its ability to use carbon monoxide as a fuel rather than being poisoned by it, and the availability of high-grade exhaust heat for combined heat and power, or combined cycle gas-turbine applications. Although cost is clearly the most important barrier to widespread SOFC implementation, perhaps the most important technical barriers currently being addressed relate to the electrodes, particularly the fuel electrode or anode. In terms of mitigating global warming, the ability of the SOFC to use commonly available fuels at high efficiency, promises an effective and early reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, and hence is one of the lead new technologies for improving the environment. Here, we discuss recent developments of SOFC fuel electrodes that will enable the better use of readily available fuels.

/pdf/advanced-anodes-for-high-temperature-fuel-cells-96fmhh1lgf.pdf

Advanced anodes for high-temperature fuel cells

Binary oxide spinels composed of Mg, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn were synthesized. Electrical conductivity was measured in air at 500°–800°C. Thermal expansion was measured from room temperature to 1000°C. Ferrite spinels have thermal expansion coefficients of 11–12 ppm/K, compared with 7–9 ppm/K for other spinels except Cu–Mn and Co–Mn which show anomalous behavior. The highest electrical conductivity among transition metal spinels was found for MnCo2O4 (60 S/cm at 800°C) and Cu1.3Mn1.7O4 (225 S/cm at 750°C).

Electrical Conductivity and Thermal Expansion of Spinels at Elevated Temperatures

Evaluation of La–Sr–Co–Fe–O perovskites for solid oxide fuel cells and gas separation membranes

The solid solution range of the La(Sr)Ga(Mg)O{sub 3} perovskite was investigated and the oxygen ion conductivities of corresponding compositions were measured. The solubility of strontium could be extended by the addition of magnesium ions to establish a balance in the oxygen vacancies associated with A and B sites. In this way, the Sr limit in the solid solution was increased to more than 20% of the La content. Doping with either Sr or Mg enhanced oxygen ion conductivity, but whereas Sr doping yielded decreased activation energy with increasing concentration, Mg produced a higher activation energy with increased Mg content. La{sub 0.8}Sr{sub 0.2}Ga{sub 0.9}Mg{sub 0.1}O{sub 2.85} was found to have the highest conductivity apart from CeO{sub 2}-based electrolytes at temperatures below 700 C, while La{sub 0.8}Sr{sub 0.2}Ga{sub 0.85}Mg{sub 0.15}O{sub 2.825} has the highest conductivity except for Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} at temperatures above 700 C.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.1836692/pdf

Superior Oxygen Ion Conductivity of Lanthanum Gallate Doped with Strontium and Magnesium

The electrical conductivity of SrTiO 3 containing rare earth dopants (Y,La,Pr,Sm,Nd,Gd,orYb)was measured ar 600-900 C in reducing atmospheres. An unusually high conductivity was observed for the yttrium-doped samples compared to those with rare earth dopants. particularly at the composition of the solubility limit Sr 0.88 Y 0.08 TiO 3-δ where the conductivity at 800°C was 64 S/cm. The conductivity was confirmed to be n-type by thermopower measurements. The oxygen deficiency was determined to be 1% by thermogravimetric analysis. Increasing the strontium vacancy concentration to Sr 0.86 Y 0.08 TiO 3-δ effected a further improvement in conductivity to 82S/cm. This material has high structural stability over a broad range of temperature (up to 1400°C) an oxygen partial pressure (1-10 20 atm). A simple defect model was developed to explain the change of electrical conductivity as a function of yttrium content and oxygen deficiency.

Electrical Properties of Yttrium-Doped Strontium Titanate under Reducing Conditions

Yttrium-doped SrTiO3 (SYT) was assessed as an anode material for solid oxide fuel cells in terms of electrical conductivity, phase stability, redox behavior, chemical compatibility with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.8 (LSGM), thermal expansion coefficient, and fuel cell performance. With the optimized composition Sr0.86Y0.08TiO3−δ, the electrical conductivity was as high as 82 S/cm at 800 °C and oxygen partial pressure of 10−19 atm. A reversible change of conductivity was observed upon oxidation and reduction. The resistance to oxidation was enhanced by partially replacing Ti with transition metals such as cobalt. This material has high structural stability over a broad range of temperature (up to 1400 °C) and oxygen partial pressure (1–10−20 atm). No phase change was found for mixtures of SYT with YSZ or LSGM sintered at 1400 °C for 10 h. The thermal expansion of doped-SrTiO3 was determined to be compatible with that of YSZ and LSGM. A maximum power density of 58 mW/cm2 at 900 °C was obtained for single cells with the new anode.

Evaluation of yttrium-doped SrTiO3 as an anode for solid oxide fuel cells

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