After decades of research involving numerous epidemiologic studies and extensive investigations in laboratory animals, a causal relationship between diesel exhaust (DE) exposure and lung cancer has not been conclusively demonstrated. Epidemiologic studies of the transportation industry (trucking, busing, and railroad) show a small elevation in lung cancer incidence (relative risks [RRs] generally below 1.5), but a dose response for DE is lacking. The studies are also limited by a lack of quantitative concurrent exposure data and inadequate or lack of controls for potential confounders, particularly tobacco smoking. Furthermore, prior to dieselization, similar elevations in lung cancer incidence have been reported for truck drivers, and in-cab diesel particulate matter (DPM) exposures of truck drivers were comparable to ambient highway exposures. Taken together, these findings suggest that an unidentified occupational agent or lifestyle factor might be responsible for the low elevations in lung cancer reported in the transportation studies. In contrast, underground miners, many of whom experience the highest occupational DPM exposures, generally do not show elevations in lung cancer. Laboratory studies must be interpreted with caution with respect to predicting the carcinogenic potential of DE in humans. Tumors observed in rats following lifetime chronic inhalation of very high levels of DPM may be attributed to species-specific overload mechanisms that lack relevance to humans. Increased tumor incidence was not observed in other species (hamsters or mice) exposed to DPM at very high levels or in rats exposed at lower levels ( 99% reduction in DPM and other quantitative and qualitative changes in the chemical and physical characteristics of diesel exhaust. Thus, the current database, which is focused almost entirely on the potential health effects of traditional diesel exhaust (TDE), has only limited utility in assessing the potential health risks of new-technology diesel exhaust (NTDE). To overcome some of the limitations of the historical epidemiologic database on TDE and to gain further insights into the potential health effects of NTDE, new studies are underway and more studies are planned.

A critical assessment of studies on the carcinogenic potential of diesel exhaust.

The cause of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS) remains unknown. We attempted to find out if occupational exposure to toxicants plays a part in the pathogenesis of this disease. In an Australia-wide case-control study we compared the lifetime occupations of 611 SALS and 775 control individuals. Occupations were coded using country-specific as well as international classifications. The risk of SALS for each occupation was calculated with odds ratios using logistic regression. In addition, the literature was searched for possible toxicant links between our findings and previously-reported occupational associations with SALS. Male occupations in our study that required lower skills and tasks tended to have increased risks of SALS, and conversely, those occupations that required higher skills and tasks had decreased risks of SALS. Of all the occupations, only truck drivers, where exposure to diesel exhaust is common, maintained an increased risk of SALS throughout all occupational groups. Another large case-control study has also found truck drivers to be at risk of SALS, and almost two-thirds of occupations, as well as military duties, that have previously been associated with SALS have potential exposure to diesel exhaust. In conclusion, two of the largest case-control studies of SALS have now found that truck drivers have an increased risk of SALS. Since exposure to diesel exhaust is common in truck drivers, as well as in other occupations that have been linked to SALS, exposure to this toxicant may underlie some of the occupations that are associated with SALS.

/pdf/different-occupations-associated-with-amyotrophic-lateral-4d3kohla88.pdf

Different occupations associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: is diesel exhaust the link?

https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/files/21793198/Carey_et_al_2017_The_future_excess_fraction_of_occupational_cancer.pdf

The future excess fraction of occupational cancer among those exposed to carcinogens at work in Australia in 2012

Background Despite being largely preventable, many occupational diseases continue to be highly prevalent and extremely costly. Effective strategies are required to reduce their human, economic, and social impacts. Methods To better understand which approaches are most likely to lead to progress in preventing noise-related hearing loss, occupational contact dermatitis, occupational cancers, and occupational asthma, we undertook a scoping review and consulted with a number of key informants. Results We examined a total of 404 articles and found that various types of interventions are reported to contribute to occupational disease prevention but each has its limitations and each is often insufficient on its own. Our principal findings included: legislation and regulations can be an effective means of primary prevention, but their impact depends on both the nature of the regulations and the degree of enforcement; measures across the hierarchy of controls can reduce the risk of some of these diseases and reduce exposures; monitoring, surveillance, and screening are effective prevention tools and for evaluating the impact of legislative/policy change; the effect of education and training is context-dependent and influenced by the manner of delivery; and, multifaceted interventions are often more effective than ones consisting of a single activity. Conclusions This scoping review identifies occupational disease prevention strategies worthy of further exploration by decisionmakers and stakeholders and of future systematic evaluation by researchers. It also identified important gaps, including a lack of studies of precarious workers and the need for more studies that rigorously evaluate the effectiveness of interventions.

A scoping review to identify strategies that work to prevent four important occupational diseases

Over the past 115 years the invention of a compression ignition engine by Rudolph Diesel in the 1890s has contributed significantly to the productivity of many nations, owing to the widespread use of larger diesel powered equipment in most industrial activities. The down-side in terms of occupational health has been the exposure of a large number of workers to the complex mixture of toxic, gaseous, adsorbed organics and particulate components found in the raw exhaust emissions. Although the adverse health effects of the gaseous fraction of diesel emissions have been known for sometime, only in the last two decades has research indicated that the particulate component of the diesel exhaust has the potential to induce various health effects. In addition, it is associated with nonhealth aspects such as malodour, visual and nuisance pollution. Diesel exhaust emissions were investigated >20 years by the BOHS Hygiene Standards Committee (BOHS, 1981). The Committee’s terms of reference were;

Diesel particulates--recent progress on an old issue.

Employee exposures to diesel particulate (DP) were measured under normal and abnormal mining operations at BHP Steel Collieries Tower Colliery and other underground coal mines in New South Wales coal fields. DP was measured using submicron samplers developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, and the results were verified using quantitative scanning electron microscopy. Personal monitoring (n = 480 full-shift samples) conducted at nine underground coal mines has indicated that the exposure of the work force ranges from less than 0.1 to 2.2 mg/m3 of DP, depending on job type and mining operation. Operations such as longwall moves and stonedusting, which generate elevated levels of dust, cause severe interference to submicron DP measurements. Based on previous knowledge that engine tune and condition affect the balance between gaseous and particulate emissions, five technologies for controlling DP were investigated in a combination of studies conducted in an above-ground simulated tunnel and in a special...

Evaluation and Control of Employee Exposure to Diesel Particulate at Several Australian Coal Mines

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Evaluation and Control of Employee Exposure to Diesel Particulate at Several Australian Coal Mines