Over the last quarter century, the dominant tendency in comparative cognitive psychology has been to emphasize the similarities between human and nonhuman minds and to downplay the differences as "one of degree and not of kind" (Darwin 1871). In the present target article, we argue that Darwin was mistaken: the profound biological continuity between human and nonhuman animals masks an equally profound discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds. To wit, there is a significant discontinuity in the degree to which human and nonhuman animals are able to approximate the higher-order, systematic, relational capabilities of a physical symbol system (PSS) (Newell 1980). We show that this symbolic-relational discontinuity pervades nearly every domain of cognition and runs much deeper than even the spectacular scaffolding provided by language or culture alone can explain. We propose a representational-level specification as to where human and nonhuman animals' abilities to approximate a PSS are similar and where they differ. We conclude by suggesting that recent symbolic- connectionist models of cognition shed new light on the mechanisms that underlie the gap between human and nonhuman minds.

/pdf/darwin-s-mistake-explaining-the-discontinuity-between-human-4fre7cnfit.pdf

Darwin's mistake: Explaining the discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds

The capacity to generate a limitless range of meaningful expressions from a finite set of elements differentiates human language from other animal communication systems. Rule systems capable of generating an infinite set of outputs ("grammars") vary in generative power. The weakest possess only local organizational principles, with regularities limited to neighboring units. We used a familiarization/discrimination paradigm to demonstrate that monkeys can spontaneously master such grammars. However, human language entails more sophisticated grammars, incorporating hierarchical structure. Monkeys tested with the same methods, syllables, and sequence lengths were unable to master a grammar at this higher, "phrase structure grammar" level.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/303/5656/377.full.pdf

Computational Constraints on Syntactic Processing in a Nonhuman Primate

We propose a theoretical framework for exploring the evolution of the music faculty from a comparative perspective. This framework addresses questions of phylogeny, adaptive function, innate biases and perceptual mechanisms. We argue that comparative studies can make two unique contributions to investigations of the origins of music. First, musical exposure can be controlled and manipulated to an extent not possible in humans. Second, any features of music perception found in nonhuman animals must not be part of an adaptation for music, and must rather be side effects of more general features of perception or cognition. We review studies that use animal research to target specific aspects of music perception (such as octave generalization), as well as studies that investigate more general and shared systems of the mind/brain that may be relevant to music (such as rhythm perception and emotional encoding). Finally, we suggest several directions for future work, following the lead of comparative studies on the language faculty.

/pdf/the-evolution-of-the-music-faculty-a-comparative-perspective-4ykbnzp1pn.pdf

The evolution of the music faculty: a comparative perspective.

PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PART I: NATURALLY HUMAN PART II: DEDUCING VARIATION PART III: RATIONAL MIND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES INDEX

http://roozbehhormozi.persiangig.com/document/Mind%20Design%20and%20Minimal%20Syntax.pdf

Mind Design and Minimal Syntax

Implicit and explicit categorization: a tale of four species.

We report the results of a 4-year-long study of capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella ) on concurrent three-way classification and linear size seriation tasks using explicit ordering procedures, requiring subjects to select icons displayed on touch screens rather than manipulate and sort actual objects into groups. The results indicate that C. apella is competent to classify nine items concurrently, first into three disjoint classes where class exemplars are identical to one another, then into three reciprocal classes which share common exemplar (size) features. In the final phase we compare the relative efficiency of executive control under conditions where both hierarchical and/or linear organization can be utilized. Whilst this shows a superiority of categorical based size seriation for a nine item test set suggesting an adaptive advantage for hierarchical over linear organization, Cebus nevertheless achieved high levels of principled linear size seriation with sequence lengths not normally achieved by children below the age of six years.

/pdf/concurrent-disjoint-and-reciprocal-classification-by-cebus-5d470wqoay.pdf

Concurrent disjoint and reciprocal classification by Cebus apella in seriation tasks: evidence for hierarchical organization

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Concurrent disjoint and reciprocal classification by Cebus apella in seriation tasks: evidence for hierarchical organization