Surface chemistry variations among a series of laboratory-produced biochars

Activated carbon is a porous material that has been in many important ages of the human history. Lignocellulosic precursors and biomass sources have become important materials to produce it because their use produces many benefits, mainly environmental. Nowadays, it is possible to find numerous research papers devoted to the synthesis characterization and applications of novel precursors to produce activated carbon. Hence, special attention must be given to the relationship among the selected precursor characteristics, the final microstructure and properties of carbon. The present work provides a summary of research works outlining the use of lignocellulosic–based precursors to obtain activated carbons. A brief description of the characterization techniques for both, the precursors and activated carbons, comprising: physicochemical, micro/nanostructural, surface chemistry, textural and adsorption capacity features is presented. Finally, the application of these materials in adsorption of heavy metals, dyes, volatile organic compounds, gas storage and electrochemical capacitors is also included.

Activated carbon from lignocellulosics precursors: a review of the synthesis methods, characterization techniques and applications.

Nanoscale diamond has recently received considerable attention due to the various possible applications such as luminescence imaging, drug delivery, quantum engineering, surface coatings, seeding etc. For most of these fields a suitable surface termination and functionalization of the diamond materials are required. In this feature article we discuss recent achievements in the field of surface modification of nanoscale diamond including the establishment of a homogeneous initial surface termination, the covalent and non-covalent immobilization of different functional moieties as well as the subsequent grafting of larger (bio)molecules onto previously functionalized nanodiamond.

Functionality is Key: Recent Progress in the Surface Modification of Nanodiamond

Carbon nanotube blended polyethersulfone membranes for fouling control in water treatment.

Eighteen biochar samples were produced from the pyrolysis of Douglas fir wood (DFW), Douglas fir bark (DFB), and hybrid poplar wood (HP) at six temperatures (623, 673, 723, 773, 823 and 873 K) in a lab scale spoon reactor. Changes in the bulk composition of the biochar produced were examined by elemental and proximate analyses. The mass fraction of volatiles, oxygen and the ratios of oxygen to carbon (O/C) and hydrogen to carbon (H/C) decreased linearly with pyrolysis temperature. Surface properties of all the biochars produced (SEM morphology, CO 2 and N 2 adsorption, XPS analysis, Boehm titration, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and ζ-potential) were also studied. The removal of volatiles resulted in the gradual creation of microporosity detectable by CO 2 adsorption but which was difficult to detect with N 2 adsorption, suggesting that the chars contain micropores mostly less than 1 nm in entrance dimension. The XPS and Boehm titration confirmed that most oxygenated surface functional groups (presence of carbonyl, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups) are gradually removed as pyrolysis temperature increases. The changes in surface charge were studied by ζ-potential measurements and were found to vary directly with the content of oxygenated functional groups. Properties that depend on both surface area and the surface oxygenated functional groups, such as the cation exchange capacity, showed a more complex behavior. The composition of the ash and associated properties such as pH and electric conductivity (EC) were also measured. The total alkaline content increases with pyrolysis temperature leading to higher pHs and ECs.

Influence of feedstock source and pyrolysis temperature on biochar bulk and surface properties

Standardization of the Boehm titration. Part I. CO2 expulsion and endpoint determination

Characterization of heteroscedastic measurement noise in the absence of replicates

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Standardization of the Boehm titration. Part I. CO2 expulsion and endpoint determination

Characterization of heteroscedastic measurement noise in the absence of replicates