Plant growth promoting bacteria for combating salinity stress in plants - Recent developments and prospects: A review.

Among the environmental factors, soil salinity is one of the most detrimental factors affecting plant growth and productivity. Nutritional-imbalance is also known as one of the negative effects of salinity on plant growth and productivity. Among the essential plant nutrients, phosphorus (P) is a nutrient in which the uptake, transport, and distribution in plant is adversely affected by salinity-stress. Salinity-stress-mediated low a P availability limits the crop production. Adding additional P fertilizer is generally recommended to manage P deficit in saline-soils; however, the low-efficiency of available P fertilizer use in salt-affected soils, restricts P availability, and P fertilizers are also a cause of significant environmental concerns. The application of salinity-tolerant phosphate–solubilizing-bacteria (ST-PSB) can be as a greatly effective and economical way to improve the P availability, and recover the P-deficit in saline-land. This review focuses on soil salinization and its effect on P availability, the mechanisms of P solubilization by ST-PSB, ST-PSB diversity, their role in alleviating salinity stress in plants, the current and future scenarios of their use, and the potential application of this knowledge to manage the sustainable environmental system. According to this review, adding ST-PSB to saline soils could be an alternative for alleviating the negative effects of salinity on plants and may ameliorate salinity tolerance.

Management of Phosphorus in Salinity-Stressed Agriculture for Sustainable Crop Production by Salt-Tolerant Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria—A Review

As the world develops and population increases, so too does the demand for higher agricultural output with lower resources. Plant biostimulants appear to be one of the more prominent sustainable solutions, given their natural origin and their potential to substitute conventional methods in agriculture. Classified based on their source rather than constitution, biostimulants such as humic substances (HS), protein hydrolysates (PHs), seaweed extracts (SWE) and microorganisms have a proven potential in improving plant growth, increasing crop production and quality, as well as ameliorating stress effects. However, the multi-molecular nature and varying composition of commercially available biostimulants presents challenges when attempting to elucidate their underlying mechanisms. While most research has focused on the broad effects of biostimulants in crops, recent studies at the molecular level have started to unravel the pathways triggered by certain products at the cellular and gene level. Understanding the molecular influences involved could lead to further refinement of these treatments. This review comprises the most recent findings regarding the use of biostimulants in plants, with particular focus on reports of their molecular influence.

https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/8/1096/pdf

Recent Advances in the Molecular Effects of Biostimulants in Plants: An Overview.

Recent decades have witnessed increased agricultural production to match the global demand for food fueled by population increase. Conventional agricultural practices are heavily reliant on artificial fertilizers that have numerous human and environmental health effects. Cognizant of this, sustainability researchers and environmentalists have increased their focus on other crop fertilization mechanisms. Biofertilizers are microbial formulations constituted of indigenous plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that directly or indirectly promote plant growth through the solubilization of soil nutrients, and the production of plant growth-stimulating hormones and iron-sequestering metabolites called siderophores. Biofertilizers have continually been studied, recommended, and even successfully adopted for the production of many crops in the world. These microbial products hold massive potential as sustainable crop production tools, especially in the wake of climate change that is partly fueled by artificial fertilizers. Despite the growing interest in the technology, its full potential has not yet been achieved and utilization still seems to be in infancy. There is a need to shed light on the past, current, and future prospects of biofertilizers to increase their understanding and utility. This review evaluates the history of PGPR biofertilizers, assesses their present utilization, and critically advocates their future in sustainable crop production. It, therefore, updates our understanding of the evolution of PGPR biofertilizers in crop production. Such information can facilitate the evaluation of their potential and ultimately pave the way for increased exploitation.

/pdf/plant-growth-promoting-rhizobacterial-biofertilizers-for-2lu9zfpo.pdf

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial biofertilizers for crop production: The past, present, and future

During and after the green revolution in the last century, agrochemicals especially nitrogen (N) were extensively used. However, it resulted in a remarkable increase in crop yield but drastically reduced soil fertility; increased the production cost, food prices, and carbon footprints; and depleted the fossil reserves with huge penalties to the environment and ecological sustainability. The groundwater, rivers, and oceans are loaded with N excess which is an environmental catastrophe. Nitrogen emissions (e.g., ammonia, nitrogen oxide, nitrous oxide) play an important role in global climate change and contribute to particulate matter and acid rain causing respiratory problems, cancers, and damage to forests and buildings. Therefore, the nitrogen-polluted planet Earth needs concerted global efforts to avoid the disaster. Improved agricultural N management focuses on the synchronization of crop N demand and N supply along with improving the N-use efficiency of the crops. However, there is very little focus on the natural sources of N available for plants in the form of diazotrophic bacteria present inside or on the root surface and the rhizosphere. These diazotrophs are the mini-nitrogen factories that convert available (78%) atmospheric N2 to ammonia through a process known as "biological nitrogen fixation" which is then taken up by the plants for its metabolic functioning. Diazotrophs also stimulate root architecture by producing plant hormones and hence improve the plant's overall ability to uptake nutrients and water. In recent years, nanotechnology has revolutionized the whole agri-industry by introducing nano-fertilizers and coated/slow-releasing fertilizers. With this in mind, we tried to explore the following questions: To what extent can the crop N requirements be met by diazotroph inoculation? Can N input to agriculture be managed in a way leading to environmental benefits and farmers saving money? Can nanotechnology help in technological advancement of diazotroph application? The review suggests that an integrated technology based on slow-releasing nano-fertilizer combined with diazotrophs should be adopted to decrease nitrogen inputs to the agricultural system. This integrated technology would minimize N pollution and N losses to much extent.

/pdf/diazotrophs-for-lowering-nitrogen-pollution-crises-looking-1c9h6fbzij.pdf

Diazotrophs for Lowering Nitrogen Pollution Crises: Looking Deep Into the Roots.

In the present study, rhizobial isolate LB2 was procured from the root nodules of Leucaena leucocephala wildly growing in saline soil. On the basis of morphology, biochemical analysis and nucleotide sequence homology LB2 was identified as Agrobacterium tumefaciens syn. Rhizobium radiobacter (Accession no. KY392996). Rhizobium radiobacter LB2 showed various plant growth promoting (PGP) activities such as mineral (zinc and phosphate) solubilisation, nitrogen fixation, production of indole acetic acid (IAA), exopolysaccharides (EPS) and siderophore. LB2 also showed salt tolerance activity up to 4% NaCl concentration. In this study, four types of fertilizers, including chemical (NPK), vermicompost (VC), farmyard manure (FYM) and bacterial inoculant (R. radiobacter LB2) were applied on lettuce crop to check their impact on growth, nutritional content and yield in the field conditions. Among all the treatments, bacterial inoculant R. radiobacter was observed as best for lettuce cultivation. Rhizobium radiobacter (LB2) caused highest increment in all the plant growth parameters with improved nutritional content in comparison to control and other treatments. Rhizobium radiobacter treatment was found to be effective even in saline soil. Rhizobium radiobacter (LB2) can thus be used for the enhanced lettuce cultivation along with combating soil salinity in sustainable manner without the input of harmful chemicals.

Zinc and phosphate solubilizing Rhizobium radiobacter (LB2) for enhancing quality and yield of loose leaf lettuce in saline soil

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Zinc and phosphate solubilizing Rhizobium radiobacter (LB2) for enhancing quality and yield of loose leaf lettuce in saline soil