Droplet-based microfluidics

Experimental investigation on flow boiling of HFE-7100 in a microchannel with pin fin array

Electronics cooling requirements are different from those of other applications i.e. metallurgical, nuclear, thermal, and solar power plant, etc. This article primarily focuses on the selection of coolants for electronic cooling applications based on challenging operating conditions and application areas. Electronics cooling usually operates at a lower temperature gradient in comparison to other cooling applications. Therefore, the effect of temperature gradient does not contribute significantly to the heat extraction process. Hence, it is essential to select a suitable coolant for effective heat extraction even at a low-temperature gradient. Thermophysical properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat, latent heat of evaporation, viscosity, and surface tension) and electrical properties (dielectric constant, electrical conductivity) play a significant role depending on the type of cooling technique. The wide operating temperature range (-40 °C to125 °C) in military-grade and automotive electronics necessitates the importance of other properties and operational constraints i.e., freezing point, boiling point, critical temperature & pressure, material compatibility, and thermal stability of coolant. Several other factors i.e., economic viability, toxicity, fire hazard, and environmental impact of coolants also play an important role in the practical implementation of an electronic coolant. Selection of an appropriate coolant based on operating conditions, cooling technique, fluid properties, environmental and economic factors is not straight forward and there is necessity of robust and effective coolant selection framework. Several approaches for the selection of coolants are discussed with specific emphasis on figure of merit analysis and multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach. The technique of order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and gray relational analysis (GRA) methods are implemented to illustrate a sample electronic coolant selection problem. Both the MCDM methods, ranked water to be the best coolant for the sample indirect electronics cooling application. More research on nanofluid, ionanofluid and pcm slurries need to be carried out in future for extending the performance limit of electronics thermal management systems. The use of artificial intelligence based multi-criteria decision making approach is recommended for coolants selection of electronic thermal management systems. The details of different available electronic coolants and the coolant selection approach presented in this study will be beneficial for the design of electronic thermal management systems. 

A review on coolant selection for thermal management of electronics and implementation of multiple-criteria decision-making approach

Experimental Investigation on Flow Boiling of Hfe-7100 in a Microchannel with Pin Fin Array

Recherches sur les gaz ionisés

HFE-7000 and HFE-7100 have shown a promising importance in the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) domain. Their dielectric properties are investigated in a temperature range between −20 and 60 °C for relative permittivity and electric conductivity and between −20 and 80 °C for breakdown voltage. The aim is to electrically characterize these liquids and to develop experimental models to be used in numerical simulations. Mathematical models of electric properties are essential for understanding the physical phenomena that can affect the performance of EHD systems. The development of these models can then help design more reliable EHD devices and optimize their performance.

Experimental Models of the Variation of HFE-7100 and HFE-7000 Electric Properties With Temperature

Nowadays, heat transfer enhancement devices are becoming very essential in many applications. Most of electronic devices, from the simplest to the most sophisticated, contain processors. Advanced processors require efficient cooling for an optimal performance. Due to the growing interest in faster and lighter devices, researchers always seek to innovate and optimize cooling strategies. In spatial applications, the use of typical cooling systems can cause complications due to the vibrations during takeoff and due to zero gravity effects. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pumping, which is based on the interaction of a dielectric liquid with an electric field, could present a solution to all these challenges. EHD pumps were considered a breakthrough in the field of cooling since they demonstrate many advantages over other types of pumps. EHD devices are less power consuming, lighter and cheaper. They don’t have moving parts and they are suitable for microgravity applications. The hydrofluoroethers (HFE) are dielectric liquids that could be ideally utilized in these pumps for many applications. Being dielectric fluids with eco-friendly properties, HFEs could replace CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, and PFCs. Due to their promising EHD applications, studies must be done to investigate the variation of their dielectric behavior with electric field and with temperature. This work presents an experimental investigation of the dielectric characteristics of HFE-7000 with temperature variations. Understanding this aspect can help enhance and optimize the performance of EHD systems.

Study of the Dielectric Behavior of HFE-7000 in function of Electric Field and Temperature Variations

The ability to design electrohydrodynamic systems with minimal risk of breakdown is essential for having a higher security level of performance. In order to achieve this goal, the dielectric strength of the operating liquid must not be reached. In addition to that, it is important to investigate the current-voltage characteristics of the working liquid to have a better understanding of the system's response. Therefore, this work has two main objectives: to investigate the temperature effect on the dielectric strength of Hydrofluoroether 7100, and to study the electric behavior of this same liquid under high electric fields at different temperatures. Results show that the breakdown voltage increases with temperature. The inter-electrode distance seems to have a greater influence on the breakdown voltage at high temperatures than at low temperatures. Temperature also proved to have an important effect on the shape of the current-voltage curves. The injection zone's threshold increases with temperature. This zone is more pronounced for temperatures lower than 25°C.

Effect of Temperature on Breakdown Voltage and on the Electrical Behavior of a Hydrofluoroether

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Experimental Models of the Variation of HFE-7100 and HFE-7000 Electric Properties With Temperature

Study of the Dielectric Behavior of HFE-7000 in function of Electric Field and Temperature Variations

Effect of Temperature on Breakdown Voltage and on the Electrical Behavior of a Hydrofluoroether