Lagoon-based municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are facing difficulties meeting the needs of rapid population growth as well as the more stringent requirements of discharge permits. Three municipal WWTPs were modified using a high surface area media with upgraded fine-bubble aeration systems. Performance data collected showed very promising results in terms of five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), ammonia (NH3) and total suspended solids (TSS) removal. Two-year average ammonia effluents were 4.1 mg·L−1 for Columbia WWTP, 4 mg·L−1 for Larchmont WWTP and 2.1 mg·L−1 for Laurelville WWTP, respectively. Two-year average BOD5 effluents were 6.8, 4.9 and 2.7 mg·L−1, and TSS effluents were 15.0, 9.6 and 7.5 mg·L−1. The systems also showed low fecal coliform (FC) levels in their effluents.

Upgrade of three municipal wastewater treatment lagoons using a high surface area media

Use of response surface methodology for optimizing process parameters for the production of α-amylase by Aspergillus oryzae

Lemnaceae or duckweed is an aquatic plant that can be used to recover nutrients from wastewaters. The grown duckweed can be a good resource of proteins and starch, and utilized for the production of value-added products such as animal feed and fuel ethanol. In the last eleven years we have been working on growing duckweed on anaerobically treated swine wastewater and utilizing the duckweed for fuel ethanol production. Duckweed strains that grew well on the swine wastewater were screened in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. The selected duckweed strains were then tested for nutrient recovery under laboratory and field conditions. The rates of nitrogen and phosphorus uptake by the duckweed growing in the laboratory and field systems were determined in the study. The mechanisms of nutrient uptake by the duckweed and the growth of duckweed in a nutrient-limited environment have been studied. When there are nutrients (N and P) available in the wastewater, duckweed takes the nutrients from the wastewater to support its growth and to store the nutrients in its tissue. When the N and P are completely removed from the wastewater, duckweed can use its internally stored nutrients to keep its growth for a significant period of time. A modified Monod model has been developed to describe nitrogen transport in a duckweed-covered pond for nutrient recovery from anaerobically treated swine wastewater. Nutrient reserve in the duckweed biomass has been found the key to the kinetics of duckweed growth. Utilization of duckweed for value-added products has a good potential. Using duckweed to feed animals, poultry, and fish has been extensively studied with promising results. Duckweed is also an alternative starch source for fuel ethanol production. Spirodela polyrrhiza grown on anaerobically treated swine wastewater was found to have a starch content of 45.8% (dry weight). Enzymatic hydrolysis of the duckweed biomass with amylases yielded a hydrolysate with a reducing sugar content corresponding to 50.9% of the original dry duckweed biomass. Fermentation of the hydrolysate using yeast gave an ethanol yield of 25.8% of the original dry duckweed biomass. These results indicate that the duckweed biomass can produce significant quantities of starch that can be readily converted into ethanol.

Growing Duckweed to Recover Nutrients from Wastewaters and for Production of Fuel Ethanol and Animal Feed

Energy-nutrients-water nexus: integrated resource recovery in municipal wastewater treatment plants.

Relative growth rates (RGR), doubling times (DT) and relative weekly yields (RY) of 39 clones (ecotypes) from 13 species representing all five genera of duckweeds were determined under standardised cultivation conditions. RGR ranged overall from 0.153 to 0.519 day(-1) , DT from 1.34 to 4.54 days and RY from 2.9 to 37.8 week(-1) . The RGR and RY data can be compared directly to other published findings to only a limited extent on account of missing clonal designations for and limited accessibility to previously investigated clones, as well as the use of different data denominators. However, they are consistent with the published results of other comparative duckweed studies of similar scope in showing that RGR does not vary primarily at the level of the genus or species, but rather reflects the adaptation of individual clones to specific local conditions. The RGR data support the widely held assumption that duckweeds can grow faster than other higher plants and that they can thus surpass land-based agricultural crops in productivity. Duckweeds are highly promising for the production of biomass for nutrition and energy, but extensive clonal comparison will be required to identify the most suitable isolates for this purpose.

Relative in vitro growth rates of duckweeds (Lemnaceae) - the most rapidly growing higher plants.

Nutrient recovery from swine lagoon water by Spirodela punctata

The chrysopine family of amadori-type crown gall opines

Crown gall tumours induced by four groups of Agrobacterium tumefaciens isolates, derived from galls from four different locations in North and South America and Europe, were found to contain mannityl opine-related metabolites derived from condensation of glucose with glutamine followed by Amadori rearrangement. The opines were characterized spectroscopically as N- (1′-deoxy- d -fructos-1′-yl)-5-oxo- l -proline , N α - (1′-deoxy- d -fructos-1′-yl)- l -glutamine and its spiropyranosyl lactone, chrysopine. Tumours induced by A. tumefaciens strain 2788 and by Ficus strains also contained nopaline, while those induced by A. tumefaciens K224, K289 and Chry9 contained l , and an unidentified opine, pseudo-nopaline.

The Chrysopine Family of Amadori‐Type Crown Gall Opines.

Infection of pinus radiata with agrobacterium rhizogenes and long-term growth of detached hairy roots in vitro

Interactions of the ribosome with the mRNA constitute the mechanism of translation in bacteria. We hypothesize that a variable free energy pattern arising from repeated hybridizations of the rRNA tail with a moving window of mRNA sequence could encode information required to maintain translational reading frame. If present, this signal should exist in all coding regions and signal processing methods should prove valuable in characterizing and decoding this signal. Our analysis shows that a variable energy pattern does exist and it can be modeled as a discrete sinusoidal signal of frequency 1/3 cycles/base in approximately 65% of verified coding regions. For the remaining 35% of coding regions, a low signal-to-noise ratio is the most likely explanation of the apparent absence of a detectable periodic signal.

Statistical significance and biological relevance of a sinusoidal pattern detected in translational free energy signals

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