This article evaluates theories of the origins of sex differences in human behavior. It reviews the cross-cultural evidence on the behavior of women and men in nonindustrial societies, especially the activities that contribute to the sex-typed division of labor and patriarchy. To explain the cross-cultural findings, the authors consider social constructionism, evolutionary psychology, and their own biosocial theory. Supporting the biosocial analysis, sex differences derive from the interaction between the physical specialization of the sexes, especially female reproductive capacity, and the economic and social structural aspects of societies. This biosocial approach treats the psychological attributes of women and men as emergent given the evolved characteristics of the sexes, their developmental experiences, and their situated activity in society.

/pdf/a-cross-cultural-analysis-of-the-behavior-of-women-and-men-bntqdibaep.pdf

A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: implications for the origins of sex differences.

Testosterone and Human Aggression: An Evaluation of the Challenge Hypothesis

The Adaptive Calibration Model of stress responsivity.

Background. Many changes in social behavior take place during adolescence. Sexuality and romantic interests emerge during this time, and adolescents spend more time with peers and less time with parents and family. While such changes in social behavior have been well documented in the literature, relatively few neurophysiological explanations for these behavioral changes have been presented.Method. In this article we selectively review studies documenting (a) the neuronal circuits that are dedicated to the processing of social information; (b) the changes in social behavior that take place during adolescence; (c) developmental alterations in the adolescent brain; and (d) links between the emergence of mood and anxiety disorders in adolescence and changes in brain physiology occurring at that time.Results. The convergence of evidence from this review indicates a relationship between development of brain physiology and developmental changes in social behavior. Specifically, the surge of gonadal steroids at puberty induces changes within the limbic system that alters the emotional attributions applied to social stimuli while the gradual maturation of the prefrontal cortex enables increasingly complex and controlled responses to social information.Conclusions. Observed alterations in adolescent social behavior reflect developmental changes in the brain social information processing network. We further speculate that dysregulation of the social information processing network in this critical period may contribute to the onset of mood and anxiety disorders during adolescence.

The social re-orientation of adolescence: a neuroscience perspective on the process and its relation to psychopathology.

Two very basic ideas in sexual selection are heavily influenced by numbers of potential mates: the evolution of anisogamy, leading to sex role differentiation, and the frequency dependence of reproductive success that tends to equalize primary sex ratios. However, being explicit about the numbers of potential mates is not typical to most evolutionary theory of sexual selection. Here, we argue that this may prevent us from finding the appropriate ecological equilibria that determine the evolutionary endpoints of selection. We review both theoretical and empirical advances on how population density may influence aspects of mating systems such as intrasexual competition, female choice or resistance, and parental care. Density can have strong effects on selective pressures, whether or not there is phenotypic plasticity in individual strategies with respect to density. Mating skew may either increase or decrease with density, which may be aided or counteracted by changes in female behaviour. Switchpoints between alternative mating strategies can be density dependent, and mate encounter rates may influence mate choice (including mutual mate choice), multiple mating, female resistance to male mating attempts, mate searching, mate guarding, parental care, and the probability of divorce. Considering density-dependent selection may be essential for understanding how populations can persist at all despite sexual conflict, but simple models seem to fail to predict the diversity of observed responses in nature. This highlights the importance of considering the interaction between mating systems and population dynamics, and we strongly encourage further work in this area.

/pdf/lonely-hearts-or-sex-in-the-city-density-dependent-effects-2nqouii4h2.pdf

Lonely hearts or sex in the city? Density-dependent effects in mating systems

Hormonal correlates of paternal responsiveness in new and expectant fathers

Primate paternal care: Interactions between biology and social experience

Visual and Vocal Signals in Penguins, Their Evolution and Adaptive Characters. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin & Hamburg (1982), 149, Advances in Ethology, No. 24), Price DM 48.00, $20.00

The effects of social context on the hormonal and behavioral responsiveness of human fathers.

Timing reproduction to overlap with peak prey availability is vital to success for many species This may be especially true for species that rely on one or a few prey species that exhibit strong seasonal peaks in abundance Any mismatch must be mediated by parents that provision offspring through flexible behavioral changes within the bounds of their physiological tolerances In Newfoundland, common murre Uria aalge breeding coincides with the inshore movement of capelin Mallotus villosus—their primary prey—such that peak prey availability overlaps with chick-rearing, the most energy demanding phase of breeding We use colony-based observations and temperature-depth recorders to track the behavioral responses of murres to temporal match and mismatch with capelin availability Activity budgets, daily energy expenditure (DEE) and chick-provisioning rates were constant across years when chick and capelin timing matched However, when capelin were late, despite increasing diving effort and DEE, parents deliv

https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1890/ES14-00182.1

Why timing is everything: Energetic costs and reproductive consequences of resource mismatch for a chick-rearing seabird

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