Helminth immunoregulation: The role of parasite secreted proteins in modulating host immunity

In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the systematics, ecology and epidemiology of Trichinella and trichinellosis, and the impact of recent research discoveries on the understanding of this zoonosis The epidemiology of this zoonosis has experienced important changes over the past two decades, especially with regard to the importance of the sylvatic cycle and the sylvatic species Outbreaks of trichinellosis due to Trichinella spiralis from domestic swine, while still frequent, increasingly are caused by other Trichinella spp infecting hosts such as horses, dogs, wild boars, bears and walruses The latter revelations have occurred as a result of a series of discoveries on the systematics of Trichinella spp, facilitated by new molecular tools As a consequence, the genus is now composed of two clades, an encapsulated group (five species and three genotypes) and a non-encapsulated one (three species) This has sparked renewed investigations on the host range of these parasites and their epidemiological features Most dramatic, perhaps, is the recognition that reptiles may also serve as hosts for certain species This new knowledge base, in addition to having an important relevance for food safety policies and protection measures, is raising important questions on the phylogeny of Trichinella spp, the ecological characteristics of the species and their geographic histories Answers to these questions may have great value for the understanding of the evolutionary biology for other parasitic helminths, and may increase the value of this genus as models for research on parasitism in general

Systematics and epidemiology of trichinella.

A multiplex PCR for unequivocal differentiation of all encapsulated and non-encapsulated genotypes of Trichinella

SAPLIPs (saposin-like proteins) are a diverse family of lipid-interacting proteins that have various and only partly understood, but nevertheless essential, cellular functions. Their existence is conserved in phylogenetically most distant organisms, such as primitive protozoa and mammals. Owing to their remarkable sequence variability, a common mechanism for their actions is not known. Some shared principles beyond their diversity have become evident by analysis of known three-dimensional structures. Whereas lipid interaction is the basis for their functions, the special cellular tasks are often defined by interaction partners other than lipids. Based on recent findings, this review summarizes phylogenetic relations, function and structural features of the members of this family.

/pdf/a-short-guided-tour-through-functional-and-structural-4grsjatvti.pdf

A short guided tour through functional and structural features of saposin-like proteins.

DNA probe and PCR-based assays to identify and detect parasites are technically complex; however, they have high sensitivity, directly detect parasites independent of the immunocompetence or previous clinical history of the patient, and can distinguish between organisms that are morphologically similar. Diagnosis of parasites is often based on direct detection by microscopy, which is insensitive and laborious and can lack specificity. Most PCR-based assays were more sensitive than DNA probe assays. The development of PCR-based diagnostic assays requires multiple steps following the initial selection of oligonucleotide primers and reporter probe. Generally, the ability to detect the DNA of one parasite was attained by PCR; however, advances in the preparation of samples for PCR (extraction of DNA while removing PCR inhibitors) will be required to achieve that sensitivity with human specimens. Preliminary PCR systems have been developed for many different parasites, yet few have been evaluated with a large number of clinical specimens and/or under field conditions. Those evaluations are essential for determination of clinical and field utility and performance and of the most appropriate application of the assay. Several situations in which PCR-based diagnosis will result in epidemiologic, medical, or public health advances have been identified.

DNA probes and PCR for diagnosis of parasitic infections

An oligonucleotide probe specific for Onchocerca volvulus.

Repetitive DNA as a tool for the identification and comparison of nematode variants: application to Trichinella isolates.

Predicted structure of a major Schistosoma mansoni eggshell protein.

Trichinella spiralis secretes a homologue of prosaposin

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An oligonucleotide probe specific for Onchocerca volvulus.

Repetitive DNA as a tool for the identification and comparison of nematode variants: application to Trichinella isolates.

Predicted structure of a major Schistosoma mansoni eggshell protein.

Trichinella spiralis secretes a homologue of prosaposin