Objective: The lifespan of people with schizophrenia is shortened compared to the general population. We reviewed the literature on comorbid physical diseases in schizophrenia to provide a basis for initiatives to fight this unacceptable situation.

Method:  We searched MEDLINE (1966 – May 2006) combining the MeSH term of schizophrenia with the 23 MeSH terms of general physical disease categories to identify relevant epidemiological studies.

Results:  A total of 44 202 abstracts were screened. People with schizophrenia have higher prevalences of HIV infection and hepatitis, osteoporosis, altered pain sensitivity, sexual dysfunction, obstetric complications, cardiovascular diseases, overweight, diabetes, dental problems, and polydipsia than the general population. Rheumatoid arthritis and cancer may occur less frequently than in the general population. Eighty-six per cent of the studies came from industrialized countries limiting the generalizability of the findings.

Conclusion:  The increased frequency of physical diseases in schizophrenia might be on account of factors related to schizophrenia and its treatment, but undoubtedly also results from the unsatisfactory organization of health services, from the attitudes of medical doctors, and the social stigma ascribed to the schizophrenic patients.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01095.x

Physical illness and schizophrenia: a review of the literature

Environmental variation in studies of organizational behavior.

• A 1975 report stated that a schizophrenic genotype may be manifested in infants by a neurointegrative defect called pandysmaturation . Recent evidence supports this: (1) 12 studies found delayed development in schizophrenics' infants and in preschizophrenics; (2) "blind" psychometric evaluations favored an adult schizotypal disorder in four to six of seven high-risk subjects with pandysmaturation in the New York study; and (3) finally, in a partial replication of this method using the Jerusalem data, blind diagnoses of "probable" and "possible" pandysmaturation were significantly related to a parental diagnosis of schizophrenia and to cognitive and motor neurointegrative deficits at 10 years. Obstetrical complications were unrelated to diagnosis, pandysmaturation, or outcome in the overall sample. However, we found a small subgroup of schizophrenic offspring in whom the most severe motor deficits at follow-up were related to obstetrical complications, pandysmaturation, and low birth weight.

Infants at risk for schizophrenia: sequelae of a genetic neurointegrative defect. A review and replication analysis of pandysmaturation in the Jerusalem Infant Development Study.

This article reviews premorbid indicators of psychosis that may be relevant to primary intervention. These risk markers are divided into two categories: (1) precursors related to early etiological factors (family psychiatric history, perinatal and obstetric complications, neurobehavior deficits, early parental separation, institutionalization, and poor family function) and (2) precursors signaling latent mental illness (personality measurements indicating proneness to psychosis, and teacher ratings indicating emotional lability, social anxiety, social withdrawal, passivity, poor peer relations, and disruptive and aggressive behavior). Because teacher ratings have been shown to be powerful predictors of adult mental breakdown, part of this article focuses on a specific study that assesses such ratings as predictors of psychosis in a high-risk population. Risk indicators may also provide clues about protective factors relevant for primary prevention.

Risk Factors of Psychosis: Identifying Vulnerable Populations Premorbidly

This article summarizes major findings from the risk-for-schizophrenia literature. On the basis of a review of the results of 24 high-risk studies, common themes in the risk-for-schizophrenia literature are discussed. It is concluded that there are a number of cross-study findings documenting child and family attributes associated with increased risk for schizophrenia.

Children at Risk for Schizophrenia: Converging Lines of Evidence

Infants and children at risk for schizophrenia. Environmental and developmental observations.

Does it seem feasible to attempt acceleration of the development of basic knowledge about organizations by utilizing the methodological advances which have occurred in the study of small groups? Specifically, how might the small group laboratory procedures of the social psychologist and sociologist be adapted to the study of organizations? Someday it may be possible to characterize social collectivities on a “meaningful set of orthogonal independent dimensions;” then “the definition of group and the discrimination of group from no-group [will] become arbitrary matters of convenience.” 1 In the meantime, it still seems fruitful to distinguish “small groups” from “organizations,” so that the extension of the methodologies from one area to the other is done with a modicum of circumspection. Groups are more or less stable configurations of persons in interaction. “Interaction” refers to the interlocking of the reactions of individuals to each other as stimulus objects.

The Development of Organizations in a Laboratory

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Infants and children at risk for schizophrenia. Environmental and developmental observations.

The Development of Organizations in a Laboratory