In 1981, intravenous catheters infected with staphylococci by perfusion were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to demonstrate the mode of adhesion. Bacterial cells, primarily those of staphylococci, followed by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were shown to be attached to the inner surface of the catheter. The thickest bacterial layers were found in catheters infected by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Right heart flow-directed catheters removed from 18 critically ill patients after an average of 2.6 days after insertion were covered by a bacterial biofilm. In a neonatal intensive care unit, CoNS caused the majority of the nosocomial bacteremias. A study of arterial and central venous catheters removed from patients after 1 to 14 days revealed an extensive biofilm on all 42 arterial and 26 central venous catheters. By using special biofilm culture recovery methods, it was shown that 81% of the catheters were colonized by bacteria growing in slime-enclosed biofilms. It was speculated that the colonization represents a nidus for infection and bacteremia in these patients. Staphylococci also produced biofilm on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) endotracheal tubes used in neonates. Adherence of staphylococci to various intravascular catheter materials was investigated; these materials were composed of silicone elastomer, thermoplastic polyurethane, and polyurethane coated with Hydromer, a coating that absorbs water and provides a hydrophilic sheath around the catheter. Production of slime is necessary for Staphylococcus epidermidis colonization and is also observed with many other pathogens, including S. aureus.

Colonization of Medical Devices by Coagulase‐Negative Staphylococci

Antibacterial materials have received a lot of attention and acceptance in the market and in everyday life over the last couple of decades. Many antibacterial finishes based on synthetic chemicals have been used, however the washout wastewater from the industry damages the environment and contributes to antibacterial resistance in bacteria in the exposed ecosystem. As a result, the current study aims to uncover a natural antibacterial component from the Azadirachta Indica (neem) leaves that may be employed as an ecofriendly treatment on jute-cotton blended (jutton) yarn. The two blended ratio of jutton was prepared and treated with the naturally extracted neem leaves. The bacterial resistivity of treatd jutton was monitored by the agar disk diffusion test and found different antibacterial activity towards both gram-positive ( Staphylococcus aureus ) and gram-negative ( Escherichia coli ) bacteria. It was found that the treated ratio 1:2 of neem:water on ring jutton yarn was highly bacterial resistivity among other sample. The colorfastness to wash grades of 4 indicated the surface plasmon resonance of color stability. These findings revealed that the interaction with the neem leaves successfully provided jutton yarn with long-lasting antibacterial performances. The morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the particles from neem leaves were uniformly distributed on the treated jutton surface. The interaction between fiber and particles were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Furthermore, the treated jutton yarn maintained excellent tensile strength and elongation (%) properties. Therefore, this study will enhanced the ecofriendly antibacterial treatment on jutton yarn in sustainable textile industrial applications. • Environment friendly neem leaves were extracted. • Neem leaves were applied onto jutton yarn. • The neem treated jutton yarn shown potential antibacterial activity. • Azadirachta Indica leaves can be an alternative of synthetic chemical. 

Ecofriendly functionalization of jute-cotton blended yarn using Azadirachta Indica leaves

Background
The prosthetic mesh grafts used to repair the abdominal wall may become infected, primarily by S. aureus and E. coli. This study sought to provide a rational basis for the choice of mesh used to repair a hernia when there is a likelihood of infection or contamination.

Comparison of the adherence of E.Coli and S. Aureus to ten different prosthetic mesh grafts: In vitro experimental study

Over the past decade, superhydrophilic zwitterionic surfaces, slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces, covalently attached liquid-like surfaces, and superhydrophobic surfaces have emerged as the most promising strategies to prevent biofouling on biomedical devices. Despite working through different mechanisms, they have demonstrated superior efficacy in preventing the adhesion of biomolecules (e.g., proteins and bacteria) compared with conventional material surfaces. However, their potential in combating catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) remains uncertain. In this research, we present the fabrication of these four coatings for urinary catheters and conduct a comparative assessment of their antifouling properties through a stepwise approach. Notably, the superhydrophilic zwitterionic coating demonstrated the highest antifouling activity, reducing 72.3% of fibrinogen deposition and over 75% of bacterial adhesion (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) when compared with an uncoated polyvinyl chloride (PVC) surface. The zwitterionic coating also exhibited robust repellence against blood and improved surface lubricity, decreasing the dynamic coefficient of friction from 0.63 to 0.35 as compared with the PVC surface. Despite the fact that the superhydrophilic zwitterionic and hydrophobic liquid-like surfaces showed great promise in retarding crystalline biofilm formation in the presence of Proteus mirabilis, it is worth noting that their long-term antifouling efficacy may be compromised by the proliferation and migration of colonized bacteria as they are unable to kill them or inhibit their swarming. These findings underscore both the potential and limitations of these ultralow fouling materials as urinary catheter coatings for preventing CAUTI.

Comparison of Superhydrophilic, Liquid-Like, Liquid-Infused, and Superhydrophobic Surfaces in Preventing Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection and Encrustation.

Chitosan coating fabricated through nanotopography and alkylation for the prevention of bacterial attachment and corrosion

Staphylococcus aureus was found to attach more readily on polypropylene fibers with greater resistance to subsequent washing off than Escherichia coli after immersion of the fibers up to 300 s in pure culture suspensions in mineral salts medium. Each of five different washing solutions were effective against E. coli, whereas only a solution that contained SDS was effective against S. aureus. Placement of inoculated fibers on nutrient agar for longer periods of time resulted in greater resistance to washing by both organisms, although S. aureus remained more resistant than E. coli.

Comparative behavior of e. coli and s. aureus regarding attachment to and removal from a polymeric surface

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Comparative behavior of e. coli and s. aureus regarding attachment to and removal from a polymeric surface